Master the Bandgap Voltage Reference — understand the physics, compare popular topologies, explore real-world applications, and choose the right IC for your analog design. A practical guide for engineers.
Technical Guides
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This article explains how to charge a Lithium-Ion battery safely and efficiently by covering charge profiles, voltage thresholds, current ratings, temperature derating, fast-charging limits, storage practices, and common design mistakes.
A voltage reference is a precision circuit that delivers a stable output voltage independent of temperature, power supply, and load variations. This article covers key reference technologies, specifications, selection criteria, PCB design, and applications in ADCs, DACs, and calibration systems.
Discover what is an FPGA and how field-programmable gate arrays empower engineers to create custom digital hardware. This guide combines a beginner-friendly definition with architectural insights, process technology, and design methodologies.
This article details electric actuators — explaining theory, construction, motor topologies, transmission trade offs, feedback architectures, selection methodology, applications, comparisons with fluid power, maintenance and standards.
Learn the architecture, toolchains, and design methodologies behind professional FPGA development — applied to DSP, embedded systems, and hardware AI.
This guide explains what is a VFD, further detailing how it works, compares types and vendors, provides application and selection advice, surveys 2026 trends, and responds to common questions.
This article presents an end-to-end motor control design methodology covering mechanical sizing, power electronics, sensor selection, real-time control algorithms, EMC, and functional safety for engineers building motor drives.
Field-programmable gate arrays are reconfigurable integrated circuits engineered for parallel hardware acceleration. Learn how FPGA architecture works, how they're fabricated, and which FPGA chip families lead the industry.
Active high-pass filters remove unwanted low-frequency signals while preserving useful higher frequencies. This article covers first- and second-order filter design, Sallen-Key and multiple-feedback topologies, and practical applications in audio electronics, instrumentation, and signal processing.
Active low-pass filters use op-amps, resistors, and capacitors to pass low-frequency signals while attenuating higher frequencies. This article covers first-order and second-order filter design, Sallen-Key and MFB topologies, cutoff frequency, Q factor, and applications.
A bandpass filter is a circuit that allows a selected range of frequencies to pass while reducing low and high frequencies. This article covers the design of active bandpass filters using op-amps, resistors, and capacitors, including cutoff and center frequencies,, Sallen-Key and MFB topologies.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of motor controllers, covering definitions, types, control strategies, design considerations, selection guidelines, and emerging trends.
This article is a practical guide to motor speed control, covering PWM duty control, VFDs, scalar control, vector control, and field-oriented control for DC, BLDC, induction, PMSM, stepper, and servo motor systems.
Choosing, using, and advancing with your first FPGA development board. This guide demystifies FPGA development boards for students, hobbyists, and engineers. Learn how to select the right starter kit, set up the toolchain, complete your first project, and troubleshoot hardware and software issues.
A guide covering the full radio-frequency design workflow, starting from setting specifications and choosing topologies to matching, simulation, layout, and verification, to help antenna engineers.
An in-depth guide to FPGA board hardware, development boards, toolchains, and selection criteria for prototyping and production.
A reference covering D latch logic, circuit design, timing, and real-world digital applications.
Maximizing signal integrity (SI) is fundamental for modern digital design engineers. As data rates soar and geometries shrink, ensuring that signals arrive at their destinations with correct timing and amplitude is paramount. This article discusses signal integirty essentials for designers.
Learn how the AND truth table works, understand how AND gates are shown in circuit diagrams, and where they are used in real systems.
Arduino's Nano series packs the power of an Arduino Uno into a tiny, breadboard-friendly form factor. This guide covers every pin, electrical limit, and protocol on the classic Nano and its Nano Every and Nano ESP32 variants.
Co-packaged optics integrates photonic engines directly with switch ASICs and AI accelerators, cutting power draw and latency at the board level. This article explains how CPO works, how it compares to pluggable and near-packaged optics, and what its benefits and challenges are.
This article explains the IPC-A-610 standard for electronic assemblies, including solder joints, inspection criteria, product classes, and quality requirements for reliable PCB manufacturing and high-performance electronics.
Understanding gate-driver fundamentals, architectures, drive techniques for SiC MOSFETs and GaN HEMTs, protection features, key specifications, and selection guidance for modern power electronics.
This article presents a detailed technical exploration of SiC MOSFET devices, covering material physics, device structure, switching behavior, and practical design considerations for high-efficiency power electronics systems.
