Lithium metal batteries are among the most promising candidates of the next generation of high-energy batteries. They can store at least twice as much energy per unit of volume as the lithium-ion batteries that are in widespread use today. This will mean, for example, that an electric car can travel twice as far on a single charge, or that a smartphone will not have to be recharged so often.At present, there is still one crucial drawback with lithium metal batteries: the liquid electrolyte requires the addition of significant amounts of fluorinated solvents and fluorinated salts, which increases its environmental footprint. Without the addition of fluorine, however, lithium metal batteries would be unstable, they would stop working after very few charging cycles and be prone to short circuits as well as overheating and igniting. A research group led by Maria Lukatskaya, Professor of Electrochemical Energy Systems at ETH Zurich, has now developed a new method that dramatically reduces the amount of fluorine required in lithium metal batteries, thereby rendering them more environmentally friendly and more stable as well as cost-effective.<h2 id="isPasted">A stable protective layer increases battery safety and efficiency</h2>The fluorinated compounds from electrolyte help the formation of a protective layer around the metallic lithium at the negative electrode of the battery. “This protective layer can be compared to the enamel of a tooth,” Lukatskaya explains. “It protects the metallic lithium from continuous reaction with electrolyte components.” Without it, the electrolyte would quickly get depleted during cycling, the cell would fail, and the lack of a stable layer would result in the formation of lithium metal whiskers – ‘dendrites’ – during the recharging process instead of a conformal flat layer.Should these dendrites touch the positive electrode, this would cause a short circuit with the risk that the battery heats up so much that it ignites. The ability to control the properties of this protective layer is therefore crucial for battery performance. A stable protective layer increases battery efficiency, safety and service life.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1721001380090-image.imageformat.1286.1270176615.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">If the electrolyte in a lithium metal battery is not properly tuned, this leads to the formation of dendrites (“whiskers”). (Graphic: Nobelprize.org)<h2 id="isPasted">Minimising fluorine content</h2>“The question was how to reduce the amount of added fluorine without compromising the protective layer’s stability,” says doctoral student Nathan Hong. The group’s new method uses electrostatic attraction to achieve the desired reaction. Here, electrically charged fluorinated molecules serve as a vehicle to transport the fluorine to the protective layer. This means that only 0.1 percent by weight of fluorine is required in the liquid electrolyte, which is at least 20 times lower than in prior studies.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1721001399324-image.imageformat.1286.1956524728.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The newly developed method uses fluorinated cations as a vehicle to transport fluorine to the protective layer. As a result, the protective layer remains stable, fluorine use is minimised, production costs are reduced, and the battery is rendered more sustainable. (Graphic: ETH Zurich / Chulgi Nathan Hong)<h2 id="isPasted">Optimised method makes batteries greener</h2>The ETH Zurich research group describes the new method and its underlying principles in a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee00296b" target="_blank">paper</a> recently published in the journal Energy &amp; Environmental Science. An application for a patent has been made. Lukatskaya carried out this research with the help of an SNSF Starting Grant.One of the biggest challenges was to find the right molecule to which fluorine could be attached and that would also decompose again under the right conditions once it had reached the lithium metal. As the group explains, a key advantage of this method is that it can be seamlessly integrated into the existing battery production process without generating additional costs to change the production setup. The batteries used in the lab were the size of a coin. In a next step, the researchers plan to test the method’s scalability and apply it to pouch cells as used in smartphones.<hr><h2 id="isPasted">Reference</h2>Hong CN, Yan M, Borodin O, Pollard TP, Wu L, Reiter M, Gomez Vazquez D, Trapp K, Yoo JM, Shpigel N, Feldblyum JI, Lukatskaya MR: Robust battery interphases from dilute fluorinated cations. Energy &amp; Environmental Science, 2. May 2024, doi:&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee00296b" target="_blank">external page10.1039/d4ee00296b</a>

(Photograph: ETH Zurich / Maria Lukatskaya; AI-generated)

A new electrolyte design for lithium metal batteries could significantly boost the range of electric vehicles. Researchers at ETH Zurich have radically reduced the amount of environmentally harmful fluorine required to stabilise these batteries.

Innovative battery design: more energy and less environmental impact

A stator is the stationary part of an electric motor or generator, consisting of coils or windings mounted on an iron core, designed to create a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. Explore the fundamentals, advancements, and applications of stators in modern engineering.

What is a Stator? A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers

In 10 years, solid-state batteries made from rock silicates will be an environmentally friendly, more efficient and safer alternative to the lithium-ion batteries we use today. Researcher at DTU have patented a new superionic material based on potassium silicate - a mineral that can be extracted from ordinary rocks.It is the battery in your electric car that determines how far you can drive on one charge and how quickly you can re-charge. However, the lithium-ion battery, the most widely used electric car battery today, has its limitations— in terms of capacity, safety and also availability. Because lithium is an expensive, environmentally harmful material and the scarcity of the relatively rare metal can hinder the green transition of car transport.As more and more people switch to electric cars, we need to develop a new generation of lithium-free batteries, which are at least as efficient, but more eco-friendly and cheaper to produce. This requires new materials for the battery’s main components; anode, cathode, and electrolyte, as well as developing new battery designs.It is a research field that is currently occupying researchers all over the world, because when we find new ‘recipes’ for batteries, it will enable a significant reduction of the transport sector’s carbon emissions.At DTU, researcher Mohamad Khoshkalam has invented a material that has the potential to replace lithium in tomorrow’s super battery: solid-state batteries based on potassium and sodium silicates. These are rock silicates, which are some of the most common minerals in the Earth’s crust. It is found in the stones you pick up on the beach or in your garden. A great advantage of the new material is that it is not sensitive to air and humidity. &nbsp;This makes it possible to mould it into a paper-thin layer inside the battery.<h2>Patented superionic material</h2>The potential of the milky-white, paper-thin material based on potassium silicate is huge. It is an inexpensive, eco-friendly material that can be extracted from silicates, which cover over 90 per cent of the Earth’s surface. The material can conduct ions at around 40 degrees and is not sensitive to moisture.This will make scaling up and future battery production easier, safer and cheaper, as production can take place in an open atmosphere and at temperatures close to room temperature. The material also works without the addition of expensive and environmentally harmful metals such as cobalt, which is currently used in lithium-ion batteries to boost capacity and service life.“The potential of potassium silicate as a solid-state electrolyte has been known for a long time, but in my opinion has been ignored due to challenges with the weight and size of the potassium ions. The ions are large and therefore move slower,” says Mohamad Khoshkalam.To understand the perspectives of Mohamad Khoshkalam’s discovery, one must first understand the crucial role the electrolyte plays in a battery. The electrolyte in a battery can be a liquid or a solid material—a so-called solid-state electrolyte. &nbsp;The electrolyte allows the ions to move between the battery’s anode and cathode, thereby maintaining the electrical current generated during discharging and charging. In other words, the electrolyte is crucial for the battery capacity, charging time, lifespan, and safety.The electrolyte’s conductivity depends on how fast the ions can move in the electrolyte. The ions in rock silicates generally move slower than the ions in lithium-based liquid electrolytes or solid-state electrolytes, as they are larger and heavier. But Mohamad Khoshkalam has found a recipe for a superionic material of potassium silicate and a process that makes the ions move faster than in lithium-based electrolytes.“The first measurement with a battery component revealed that the material has a very good conductivity as a solid-state electrolyte. I cannot reveal how I developed the material, as the recipe and the method are now patented,” Mohamad Khoshkalam continues.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIwNTcxMDU2Mzc5LV85NkE5NjM0LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A battery cell for a solid-state battery can be made completely thin. In the lab, there are six steps in the production of the solid-state electrolyte, which is a paper-thin material that lies between the anode and cathode of the battery cell. Photo: Frida Gregersen<h2 id="isPasted">The battery everyone is waiting for</h2>Both researchers and electric car manufacturers consider solid-state batteries to be the super battery of the future. Most recently, Toyota has announced that they expect to launch an electric car with a lithium solid-state battery in 2027-28. However, several car manufacturers have previously announced electric cars with solid-state batteries, only to subsequently pull out.In a solid-state battery, the ions travel through a solid material and not through a liquid, as in the regular AA+ lithium-ion batteries you can buy in the supermarket. There are several advantages to this; the ions can move faster through a solid material, making the battery more efficient and faster to charge.A single battery cell can be made as thin as a piece of cardboard, where the anode, cathode, and solid-state electrolyte are ultra-thin layers of material. This means that we can make more powerful batteries that take up less space. This offers benefits on the road, as you will be able to drive up to 1,000 km on a single 10-minute charge. In addition, a solid-state battery is more fireproof, as it does not contain combustible liquid.Before we see the solid-state battery on the market, however, there are several challenges that need to be solved. The technology works well in the laboratory, but is difficult and expensive to scale up. Firstly, materials and battery research is both complex and time-consuming because the materials are super sensitive and require advanced laboratories and equipment. The lithium-ion batteries we use today took over 20 years to develop, and we’re still developing them.Secondly, we need to develop new ways of producing and sealing the batteries so the ultra-thin material layers in the battery cell do not break and have continuous contact in order to work. In the laboratory, you solve it by pressing the layers of the battery cell together at high pressure, but it is difficult to transfer to a commercial electric car battery, which consists of many battery cells.&nbsp;<h2>Solid-state rock battery is high-risk technology</h2>Unlike lithium solid-state batteries, solid-state batteries based on potassium and sodium silicates have a low TRL (Technology Readiness Level). This means there is still a long way to go from discovery in the lab to getting the technology out into society and making a difference. The earliest we can expect to see them in new electric cars on the market is 10 years from now.It is also a high-risk technology, where the chance of commercial success is small and the technical challenges are many. Nevertheless, Mohamad Khoshkalam is full of optimism:“We have shown that we can find a material for a solid-state electrolyte that is cheap, efficient, eco-friendly, and scalable—and that even performs better than solid-state lithium-based electrolytes.”A year after the discovery in the laboratory at DTU, Mohamad Khoshkalam has obtained a patent for the recipe and is in the process of establishing the start-up K-Ion, which will develop solid-state electrolyte components for battery companies. The K-ion is part of the DTU Earthbound initiative, where they receive support to get their research out of the laboratory faster and into society to make an impact.The next step for Mohamad Khoshkalam and his team is to develop a demo battery that can show companies and potential investors that the material works. A prototype is expected to be ready within 1-2 years.<hr><h3 id="isPasted">The batteries of the future</h3><h4>Now: Lithium-ion batteries in improved versions</h4>It is hard to beat lithium’s ability to conduct ions, but the material is expensive and difficult to obtain. We will see new, improved lithium-ion batteries with a lower concentration of cobalt and lithium.<h4>Within 5 years: Sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries, as well as lithium solid-state batteries</h4>Sodium and potassium-ion batteries have a high TRL (Technology Readiness Level). Several automakers expect to mass-produce it within 5 years. The development of lithium solid-state batteries is further ahead. We will therefore see them on the market before potassium and sodium solid-state batteries.&nbsp;<h4>Earliest from 10 years: Solid-state batteries of rock silicates&nbsp;</h4>Potassium and sodium solid-state batteries have a low TRL. This means that many steps must be taken before the battery can be commercialized. The technology works in the laboratory, but several technical challenges must be solved before the technology can be scaled up into a functional electric car battery that can be mass-produced. &nbsp;

In 10 years, solid-state batteries made from rock silicates will be an environmentally friendly, more efficient and safer alternative to the lithium-ion batteries we use today.

Tomorrow's super battery for electric cars is made of rock

In this episode, we discuss how Audi technicians and mechanics are leveraging a commonly available 3D printer to develop jigs and fixtures for assembling their high performance cars!

Podcast: Why Audi Uses 3D Printers For The R8

At a time when the general public may not yet accept driverless taxis and ride-hailing vehicles, tele-driving could offer many of the same benefits, according to a new study led by a University of Michigan researcher. With more cars on the road, fewer drivers and fewer riderless miles, ride-sharing services could become faster and more affordable.Tele-driving typically involves a driver operating a car while sitting in front of a bank of screens that show video feeds from cameras on the car, as well as sensors and augmented reality technology. Once a passenger has been picked up, transported and dropped off, the driver can disconnect from that vehicle and is free to connect to any other that is available in an area of need. Several private tele-driving companies are already in operation, including <a href="https://halo.car/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">halo.car</a> and <a href="https://vay.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vay</a> in Las Vegas.One of the main advantages of tele-driving, according to researchers led by the University of Michigan’s <a href="https://benjaafar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saif Benjaafar</a>, a professor of industrial and operations engineering is that drivers do not need to be where the vehicles are—for instance, driving from areas of low demand to areas of high demand with no rider. In this vein, tele-driving can eliminate what ride hailing services refer to as the ‘wild goose chase’ scenario. At times when vehicle supply is low, cars need to be dispatched to customers located far away even if it’s not the most efficient pairing between rider and driver.“Tele-driving allows you to get away with far fewer drivers than vehicles without impacting the quality of service because you can still leverage the excess vehicles to get quickly to customers,” said Benjaafar, who specializes in supply chains and logistics. “A reduction of 30% to 40% in some of the test cases we considered.“There’s an opportunity to significantly increase how busy the drivers are,” he added. “One of the challenges for ride services has always been having drivers who are sitting idle. Quite a bit of that inefficiency can be eliminated.”The remaining drivers also stand to benefit as this system would shift vehicle ownership, and the cost and risk that it entails, onto the rideshare company. Tele-driving may broaden labor participation as driving becomes a desk job, the researchers suggest.Finally, the team is optimistic that the separation of drivers and riders could improve the safety of both, particularly women who have been disproportionately the targets of in-vehicle assault and other criminal behavior. However, tele-driving systems also need to guard against reckless driving in a work environment that feels more like a video game.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1719966837517-Vay_Teledrive_Station-2-featured.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A driver operates a vehicle remotely from a control center that features multiple video feeds. Two tele-driving services, Vayo and halo.car currently operate in Las Vegas. Credit: VayoUsing computer modeling that factors in supply, demand and road congestion over both time and space, researchers showed that a higher number of available vehicles than drivers can shorten wait times in periods of high demand, even with fewer drivers. This is because the likelihood of a driver going on a wild goose chase is reduced.“This research can be applied to the world/community by improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of ride-hailing and other on-demand transportation services,” said Xiaotang Yang, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management.&nbsp;“By using tele-driving, platforms can potentially operate with fewer drivers while maintaining or even improving service quality, which can lower operational costs and make these services more accessible. Additionally, this approach can help reduce traffic congestion and waiting times, leading to a better overall experience for users.”Benjaafar’s deep dive into the benefits and efficiencies of tele-driving come as efforts to bring autonomous ride services into the mainstream have stalled for a variety of reasons. Safety is key among them, and a regular stream of news articles chronicling crashes involving vehicles without human drivers only reinforces those concerns.“Full autonomy may take longer to become a reality,” said Benjaafar. “In the meantime, there are these technologies that can serve as a bridge toward full autonomy, including putting the human drive back into the loop.”&nbsp;The research was initiated while Benjaafar and Yang were at the University of Minnesota. They were joined by Zicheng Wang, now an assistant professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen.

If drivers could choose any available car as a starting point, ride-hailing services could become cheaper as energy and labor are used more efficiently.

Not quite ready for autonomous taxis? Tele-driving could be a bridge

<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 100%;">SAE will host a two-day training course, "Machine Learning for Safety Experts," with their partner Fraunhofer IKS on October 22-23, 2024, in Munich. The course aims to equip safety engineers with the knowledge to integrate Machine Learning into safety-critical applications while adhering to standards like ISO 26262 and ISO 21448. Using established methods, participants will learn to develop safety lifecycles, derive safety requirements, and address Machine Learning insufficiencies. The training is essential for engineers looking to enhance their skills in ensuring the safety of Machine Learning based functions. <a href="https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/?utm_source=https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/&utm_medium=facebook,_email,_instagram,_linkedin_etc&utm_campaign=sae_ml_training" target="_blank" class="button-main-action">Read more or register for the event here</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table>Machine Learning (ML) is increasingly pivotal across various engineering disciplines, transforming problem-solving and innovation capabilities. In the automotive sector, Machine Learning drives advancements in autonomous driving systems, enhancing vehicle safety and functionality. Healthcare benefits from Machine Learning through improved diagnostic accuracy and patient care personalization, while industrial automation optimizes efficiency and predictive maintenance, reducing downtime and costs.However, as Machine Learning becomes integral to engineering solutions, the imperative for engineers to continuously advance their understanding of Machine Learning safety grows. Integrating Machine Learning into safety-critical applications presents a unique challenge, especially in adhering to stringent safety standards.The ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 standards are particularly pertinent, focusing on automotive safety and the safety of intended functionality, respectively. These standards guide engineers in developing, validating, and certifying Machine Learning based systems to ensure they meet rigorous safety requirements.&nbsp;The upcoming "Machine Learning for Safety Experts" training by SAE and Fraunhofer IKS in Munich is a timely initiative. It will address this crucial skill gap and ensure engineers are well-equipped to handle the intricacies of safe Machine Learning applications.<h2 dir="ltr">Ensuring Safety in Machine Learning Applications</h2>Integrating Machine Learning with established safety standards, particularly in sectors like automotive, where safety is paramount, presents significant challenges. The complexity of Machine Learning systems, which often behave unpredictably, necessitates adherence to robust safety protocols to mitigate risks not traditionally accounted for in older standards.<h3 dir="ltr">Overview of Relevant Safety Standards</h3>Both ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 are critical in guiding the integration of Machine Learning into safety-critical applications. They provide a structured framework for evaluating and managing the risks associated with Machine Learning applications in automotive and other engineering fields. This ensures that vehicles and other engineered systems become more autonomous and remain safe for end-users under all conditions.The interaction between these standards and Machine Learning development is a growing area of focus as engineers seek to align cutting-edge technological advancements with rigorous safety requirements. Ensuring the safety of Machine Learning applications requires a balance between innovation and stringent compliance with these evolving safety standards.<h3 dir="ltr">Challenges of Integration with Safety Standards</h3>One of the principal standards, ISO 26262, focuses on functional safety for all road vehicles, highlighting the need for risk assessment and mitigation strategies throughout the product lifecycle. This standard has been crucial in addressing risks associated with electrical and electronic systems in vehicles. However, the integration of Machine Learning brings new dimensions to these challenges because Machine Learning systems can fail in ways that are hard to predict with traditional safety analysis techniques.ISO 21448, also known as Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF), complements ISO 26262 by addressing safety risks in vehicle operations that occur without system failures. This includes scenarios where vehicles perform as designed but fail to handle unexpected real-world conditions, such as unusual weather or road obstacles. SOTIF guides how to design, verify, and validate Machine Learning systems to ensure they behave safely under various operating conditions.<h2 dir="ltr">SAE Course</h2>The "Machine Learning for Safety Experts" course by SAE and Fraunhofer IKS is designed to train safety engineers in integrating machine learning into safety-critical applications.&nbsp;Scheduled for October 22-23, 2024, in Munich, this training focuses on applying fundamental safety principles of Machine Learning across various applications. Participants will learn to develop Machine Learning safety-related functions, derive safety requirements, and address Machine Learning insufficiencies through a comprehensive toolkit of methods. This course is crucial for engineers aiming to enhance the safety of Machine Learning functions in automotive and other critical sectors.&nbsp;For more details, <a href="https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/?utm_source=https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/&utm_medium=facebook,_email,_instagram,_linkedin_etc&utm_campaign=sae_ml_training" target="_blank">Check the course details here.</a><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NDk0MjIwMTMxLXJvYWQgY3Jvc3MuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Course participants will learn to develop Machine Learning-based safety functions, establish safety requirements, and address Machine Learning deficiencies using a comprehensive set of methods. Image credit: City of Bellevue, the UW and Microsoft.<h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Key Learning Objectives of the Training</h3>The Machine Learning for Safety Experts training is designed to provide safety engineers with the essential knowledge and skills to integrate Machine Learning (ML) into safety-critical applications, ensuring compliance with standards like ISO 26262 and ISO 21448.<h4 dir="ltr">Understanding the Impact of Machine Learning on Functional Safety&nbsp;</h4>One of the primary learning outcomes is recognizing the profound impact of Machine Learning on functional safety. Participants will gain insights into how Machine Learning can influence the safety lifecycle of systems, especially in the context of automotive safety. This includes understanding the potential risks and the necessity of robust safety arguments to mitigate these risks effectively.<h4 dir="ltr">Applying Machine LearningSpecific Safety Measures&nbsp;</h4>The course emphasizes the application of Machine Learningspecific safety measures. This includes learning about the methodologies and tools tailored to address the unique challenges of Machine Learning algorithms. Participants will be trained on runtime monitoring, robustness testing, and other techniques to ensure that Machine Learning systems perform reliably under diverse conditions, aligning with the stringent requirements of ISO 26262 and SOTIF.<h4 dir="ltr">Developing Safety Requirements for Machine LearningBased Systems</h4>A crucial part of the training is the development of safety requirements specific to Machine Learningbased systems. Engineers will learn to derive and implement safety requirements from a system-level perspective, ensuring that Machine Learning components meet the necessary safety standards. This involves comprehensive training on validating and verifying Machine Learning systems to ensure they adhere to the safety protocols outlined in ISO 26262 and ISO 21448.This training equips engineers with the expertise to navigate the complexities of integrating Machine Learning into safety-critical systems, making it an essential program for those looking to stay ahead in the rapidly evolving field of safety engineering.<h2 dir="ltr">Practical Benefits of the Training</h2>The "Machine Learning for Safety Experts" training is invaluable for engineers addressing prevalent Machine Learning safety challenges in real-world applications. This training equips participants with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively integrate Machine Learning into safety-critical systems, ensuring adherence to stringent safety standards like ISO 26262 and ISO 21448. The course will discuss Machine Learning in three core application areas of the Automotive Industry, Healthcare, and Manufacturing.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NDk0MjQ2MjkzLWNyb3NzIDMuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Image credit:&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-6728-5_2#auth-Zhanxiang-Chai" target="_blank" id="isPasted">Zhanxiang Chai</a> et al.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Who should attend? &nbsp;</h2>The "Machine Learning for Safety Experts" training course is tailored for automotive safety engineers at all experience levels who must assess and ensure the safety of functions and systems incorporating Machine Learning (ML). This course is especially relevant for professionals working with safety-critical applications in the automotive industry, where compliance with standards such as ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 is crucial.<h3 dir="ltr">Course prerequisites:</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Pre-existing Safety Knowledge: Participants should have a solid understanding of general safety principles and practices.</li><li dir="ltr">Experience with Safety Standards: Familiarity with applying ISO 26262 (functional safety for road vehicles) and ISO 21448 (safety of the intended functionality) is essential.</li><li dir="ltr">Basic Understanding of Machine Learning Techniques: A fundamental grasp of Machine Learning concepts and techniques is required to benefit fully from the training.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Expert Instructors and Their Credentials</h2>The training is led by two distinguished experts from Fraunhofer IKS:<h3 dir="ltr">Karsten Roscher</h3><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NDk0MDg4MTMzLWthcnN0ZW4uanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">With over a decade of research experience in connected mobility, advanced driver assistance systems, and Machine Learning for computer vision and communication systems, Karsten is a leading advocate for safe intelligence. He heads the Dependable Perception &amp; Imaging department at Fraunhofer IKS and is actively involved in German and European standardization bodies. His extensive work developing reliable perception systems across automotive, rail, industrial automation, and medical domains highlights his deep expertise in integrating Machine Learning with safety standards.<h3 dir="ltr">Philipp Schleiss</h3><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NDk0MTEzMzM4LXBoaWxpcHAtc2NobGVpc3MuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Philipp has been a pivotal figure at Fraunhofer since 2013, focusing on increasing the dependability of embedded and autonomous systems. He leads the department in systems safety engineering and specializes in tool-based design automation, continuous safety assurance, and real-time guarantees for automated driving. Philipp's contributions to advancing safety standards and his role in developing methods for the safe implementation of Machine Learning in autonomous systems make him an invaluable resource for course participants.These instructors bring a wealth of knowledge and practical experience, ensuring participants gain theoretical insights and actionable skills to apply Machine Learning safety measures in their professional practices effectively.&nbsp; <a href="https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/?utm_source=https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/&utm_medium=facebook,_email,_instagram,_linkedin_etc&utm_campaign=sae_ml_training" target="_blank" class="button-main-action">Find out more information here.&nbsp;</a><h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Staying current in Machine Learning safety practices is crucial in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape. The "Machine Learning for Safety Experts" training by Fraunhofer IKS provides engineers with the tools and knowledge needed to integrate Machine Learning into safety-critical applications effectively. Continuous learning and professional training are essential to keep pace with technological advancements and ensure the safe deployment of Machine Learning systems in various industries. This course equips participants to lead their teams confidently, ensuring that safety remains a top priority as they leverage the power of advanced Machine Learning techniques.<h2 dir="ltr">References</h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.iks.fraunhofer.de/en/events/machine-learning-for-safety-experts1.html" target="_blank">https://www.iks.fraunhofer.de/en/events/machine-learning-for-safety-experts1.html</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/" target="_blank">https://www.sae.org/learn/content/c2208/</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://saemobilus.sae.org/courses/machine-learning-safety-experts-c2208" target="_blank">https://saemobilus.sae.org/courses/machine-learning-safety-experts-c2208</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.iks.fraunhofer.de/en/services/ai-act-high-risk-systems.html" target="_blank">https://www.iks.fraunhofer.de/en/services/ai-act-high-risk-systems.html</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.automate.org/ai/industry-insights/ai-in-the-real-world-4-case-studies-of-success-in-industrial-manufacturing" target="_blank">https://www.automate.org/ai/industry-insights/ai-in-the-real-world-4-case-studies-of-success-in-industrial-manufacturing</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://integranxt.com/blog/success-stories-how-ml-solutions-transformed-businesses-worldwide/" target="_blank">https://integranxt.com/blog/success-stories-how-Machine Learningsolutions-transformed-businesses-worldwide/</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.omdena.com/blog/machine-learning-examples" target="_blank">https://www.omdena.com/blog/machine-learning-examples</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://learntube.ai/blog/data-science/machine-learning/real-world-applications-of-machine-learning-case-studies-and-success-stories/" target="_blank">https://learntube.ai/blog/data-science/machine-learning/real-world-applications-of-machine-learning-case-studies-and-success-stories/</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://pg-p.ctme.caltech.edu/blog/ai-ml/machine-learning-in-healthcare-applications-use-cases-careers" target="_blank">https://pg-p.ctme.caltech.edu/blog/ai-ml/machine-learning-in-healthcare-applications-use-cases-careers</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://ar5iv.org/pdf/1908.04674" target="_blank">https://ar5iv.org/pdf/1908.04674</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1132580/full" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1132580/full</a></li><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.ptc.com/en/blogs/alm/iso-26262-vs-sotif-iso-pas-21448-whats-the-difference" target="_blank">https://www.ptc.com/en/blogs/alm/iso-26262-vs-sotif-iso-pas-21448-whats-the-difference</a></li></ol>

The upcoming "Machine Learning for Safety Experts" training by SAE and Fraunhofer IKS in Munich on October 22-23, 2024 is a timely initiative. It will address this crucial skill gap and ensure engineers are well-equipped to handle the intricacies of safe Machine Learning applications.

Mastering Machine Learning for Critical Applications

Now, military and defence industry advisers are assessing the potential benefits of adopting EVs for their land-based fleets.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Benefits To Industry</h2>Government agencies in many parts of the world are working closely with companies across the EV value chain. Military and defence organisations are investing in several relevant sectors, including battery technologies, manufacturing capabilities, energy infrastructure, platform design and logistical services. Companies involved in technological development, energy and automotive production are turning to the defence market as opportunities for expansion in these areas increase.The UK’s Defence Support organisation has been running&nbsp;<a title="Hydrogen-Based EVs" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/supporting-the-transition-to-electric-vehicles" target="_blank">trials of hydrogen-based EVs</a> at selected army, navy and air force locations. Defence Support wants to achieve zero emissions by the end of 2027 and is making the most of the opportunities offered by new technologies. They hope to power some of their land vehicles with hydrogen to leverage a wider spectrum of sustainable energy sources. As well as reducing emissions, hydrogen-based EVs will deliver significant operational advantages, especially in off-grid locations.This follows a major shift in focus by the British Army, who in 2021 announced their planned electrification of battlefield vehicles at the Defence and Security Equipment International (DSEI) exhibition. Since 2022, the Army has been increasing its use of sustainable energy for its vehicle fleet, including hybrid electric drive technologies and battery-powered EVs. &nbsp;Electric motors offer significant tactical advantages. They can instantly pick up a lot of speed, so it’s easier to accelerate up steep gradients or get away from pursuers. The Army sees electrification of the battlefield changing the operational methods of future land forces, not least in reducing thermal and sound signatures. This will open the way for significant progress in stealth mode capabilities.<h2 dir="ltr">Key Technological Trends</h2>The impact on the industry is expected to follow several main trends, including additive manufacturing (3D printing), battery innovation, demand for more advanced materials and improved power/battery management systems (PMS/BMS).<h3 dir="ltr">3D PRINTING</h3>Additive manufacturing, more commonly known as&nbsp;<a title="3D Printing Trends" href="https://www.rowse.co.uk/blog/post/3d-printing-trends" target="_blank">3D printing</a>, is becoming an important factor in industrial development. Its capabilities have expanded in the last few years and it’s now set to take on anything from small, in-house component replication to innovative, large-scale projects. The most important features for the development of EVs are probably the great improvements in accuracy and speed of production, as well as its capacity for hybridisation with other manufacturing techniques.<h3 dir="ltr">BATTERY INNOVATION</h3>Trends in battery composition make them increasingly cheaper and more efficient. &nbsp;Changes in battery chemistry include the transition from toxic metal composition to less damaging and cheaper materials. Solid-state batteries are also being developed that use less lithium, charge much more quickly and can hold a charge for much longer.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">ADVANCED MATERIALS</h3>The construction of EVs currently depends on the supply of many rare and hard-to-source minerals – especially difficult when they are located in areas of geopolitical unrest. Research is concentrating on finding ways to replace those components or on alternative fuel supplies like the Defence Sector’s trial of hydrogen-based power. Product design employs lightweight materials such as aluminium, magnesium, high-strength steels and titanium metal alloys. When combined with 3D printing, more complex composite materials can be used.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">How Does All This Affect Electric Vehicles Used In Defence?</h2>The technological advances in the development of EVs contribute to some major macroeconomic trends. These include expanding defence budgets due to increased geopolitical competition and the industrial growth to meet that demand. While the military market is still at the developmental stage, the British Army started testing hybrid EVs about four years ago, backed by a £7 million investment from the Ministry of Defence. Trials of pre-production models are currently ongoing and their performance is being evaluated. This includes assessing how autonomous electric systems can be fully recharged in the field.&nbsp;EVs form a key part of the&nbsp;<a title="Battlefield Electrification" href="https://www.army.mod.uk/media/17010/british-army-approach-to-battlefield-electrification.pdf" data-lf-fd-inspected-laxoeak5koo7oygd="true" target="_blank" data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">battlefield electrification</a> proposed by the Army in its “Future Soldier” project. Over the next 13 years or so, the Army will be incorporating new technologies like hybrid electric drives into its vehicle fleet. As battlefield electrification progresses with more advanced weapons and increased reliance on computer processing, power consumption will be at a premium. How these expanded capabilities perform will depend on how well they can be powered, recharged and sustained.The plan is that one hybrid EV will be able to generate 500+ kilowatts of power, which is comparable to that produced by nine existing generators. The Army says that a field hospital could be powered by 2.5 of these vehicles – or enough emergency power to assist relief operations in a disaster zone. It’s also looking into modular batteries, and ways of installing them to save space and weight.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Pros And Cons Of Using EVs In Defence</h2>The armed forces and industry suppliers for the defence sector will face some key challenges, including the sourcing of materials and consequent pressure on the supply chain. They must maintain sustainability and focus on renewable energy while at the same time&nbsp;<a title="Reducing Emissions" href="https://www.rowse.co.uk/blog/post/how-are-manufacturers-working-towards-net-zero" target="_blank">reducing emissions</a> and reliance on fossil fuels. Much of the old infrastructure will need replacement as new technologies are integrated.On the upside, using electric vehicles in defence will offer considerable opportunities for institutional investors. The same applies to suppliers and armed forces around the world, throughout the military EV value chain. The scale of battlefield electrification envisaged by such projects as “Future Soldier” will give significant stimulus to military EV-related R&amp;D programmes as well as the various industries involved.

We’ve seen a huge increase in the market for electric vehicles (EVs) over the past decade as the public and businesses embrace the goal of zero emissions. 

How Are Electric Vehicles Used In Defence?

This article was discussed in our <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Next Byte podcast</a>.&nbsp;<iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/296dd4d3-f9dc-404f-9767-31230c437860?dark=false" class="fr-draggable" data-gtm-yt-inspected-23="true" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> The full article will continue below.<hr>When the new Audi E-Tron GT was introduced, the Audi Sport Bôllinger Höfe location in Heilbronn, Germany, rapidly needed almost 200 new tools, jigs and fixtures for its production. Designing these tools costs a lot of time. And outsourcing the production can sometimes take many weeks to months. This is where design automation and 3D printing delivered an unparallelled workflow for Audi Sport.<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EVJlik4U50Y?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-23="true" id="615006379" title="Success Stories: Audi Sport">&nbsp;</iframe>The Audi Sport Böllinger Höfe factory is a high-end car production facility. Their main production focus is on the high-performance Audi R8 and the fully electric Audi E-Tron GT. These cars are the crème de la crème from the renowned German car manufacturer. The assembly line has German efficiency written all over it. The bare cages come in on robotized platforms and are mounted to a top rail. This train of exclusive cars then passes many stations where order-specific parts are installed. It’s difficult to spot two identical cars next to each other, which makes the whole operation even more impressive.Every station has a limited time to assemble parts and install them onto the car. This is why an optimized and efficient workflow is crucial for the mechanics. Custom tools, jigs and fixtures play a huge role in making the work for the mechanics much faster, easier and ergonomic.“We produce nearly eight hundred tools and jigs and fixtures for our factory here,” said Cem Guelaylar, 3D Printing Expert at Audi Sport. “Outsourcing needs more than two or three, four weeks, or months. Depends on the supplier and the process to bring the order to the supplier. 3D printing helped us to get these tools in a very short time. The workers come to us and say, I need a fixture to assemble the cars. It takes one day to get this tool in his hand.”<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4Nzg2MTkwMzkwLWV6Z2lmLTUtZTZiNDljODQ3OS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><h3 id="isPasted">Different tools for different applications</h3>There are custom tools that help aligning parts during installation. For example for installing a roof, or the logos on the outside of the car. This increases the consistency and quality of the final cars while saving minutes per car. Quality control tools make sure all the cars meet the highest standards from Audi. These custom jigs are mounted to parts of the car to measure alignment and tolerances. For example, Audi Sport created a custom jig to focus the head up display (HUD) on the dashboard of the car. The jig uses two lasers that are projected on the installed HUD. When the lasers align it means the reflective glass is installed properly.Many parts need to be assembled before they are installed onto the cars. Tubes added to a central fluid plate, cables and heatsinks to a central control unit, the list goes on. Working on these parts simply laying on the work desk makes the task very difficult. This is where Audi Sport uses many fixtures in their factory. These fixtures hold the parts in place for easy, and fast assembly. Not only do these fixtures save hours, it has a big impact on the consistency of production. Many of these fixtures are also designed to have a positive impact on ergonomics for the worker. For example by holding tools in a better direction for working.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4Nzg2MjIwNzQ2LTE3MTg3ODYyMjA3NDYucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><h3 id="isPasted">Designing parts in minutes instead of hours</h3>So when the new E-Tron GT was introduced, a big challenge arose to create the nearly 200 different tools, jigs, and fixtures. And they needed them fast to start production. Designing these tools cost a lot of time and expertise. They need to be precise, user-friendly and easy to produce. This is where trinckle’s <a href="https://www.trinckle.com/fixturemate?utm_source=Ultimaker&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=Audi+Sport" target="_blank">fixturemate</a> played a big role. Fixturemate is software specifically designed to create fixtures for assembly. A part is imported and set in the right angle. Then the fixture is created by adding a base plate, places where the part needs supports and holes so it can be mounted to a desk. There is also a library of off-the-shelf tools such as clamps. The software is user friendly enough so anyone can use it. And while designing tools can take hours in traditional CAD software, it only needs 10-20 minutes in fixturemate.“We started to produce the Audi E Tron GT full electric car here. We needed nearly two hundred fixtures and tools for this new car. Fixturemate helped us in a short time to bring a lot of fixtures,” Guelaylar noted. “We put our parts in Fixturemate, bring the fixture out of this software in minutes. Normally, in classic construction, we need two hours, three hours, four hours, depending on the size of the part. Fixturemate is very easy to use. We can bring trainees and show them how to use the fixturemate software, and they can directly work with this software and bring the fixtures in a short time.”<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4Nzg2MjQ4NDAwLTE3MTg3ODYyNDg0MDAucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><h3 id="isPasted">The benefits of 3D printing at Audi Sport</h3>Not only did Audi Sport need the parts to be designed fast, they also needed to be produced in a very short time. Outsourcing production of tools is expensive and can also take many weeks to months. This is why Audi started with a 3D Printing room. Several printers such as the Ultimaker S5 enable Audi Sport to produce their tooling needs. Tools can now be printed in a day at a fraction of the cost. There is no need to request quotes, brief suppliers and wait for parts to be produced and delivered. When a part doesn’t meet the requirements, it can directly be improved and reprinted.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4Nzg2MzM5MzMwLWV6Z2lmLTUtZDdhNjM4MDNiMC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><h3 id="isPasted">The right material for the job</h3>Most of the fixtures are printed using Tough PLA. This material has similar flex and strength properties like ABS, but prints very easily without the challenges of ABS. There are also tools printed for the protection of car parts using TPU95a. The soft material is perfect to prevent parts from being damaged.Thanks to UltiMaker’s ecosystem, Audi Sport also has access to hundreds of third-party materials. These materials often have very specific properties. One of these materials that Audi Sport uses is ESD-safe PLA that is used for fixtures that handle electronic components. Preparing 3D prints with these materials is made effortless using Ultimaker Cura as the printing profiles are available for free in the marketplace.“We use Tough PLA because it’s cheap and it’s easy to use. We use TPU mostly for protection and to protect car parts. We also use ESD safe materials and sometimes ABS or PETG. 3D printing is, for us, a very fast and helpful thing for our factory and our workers,” Guelayler continued.Audi Sport truly excels in constantly finding more efficiency. By starting 3D printing for their tools they’ve reduced tool production cost over 80% while delivering these tools to the workers in a day instead of several weeks. On top of that, by using fixturemate, Audi Sport also made fixture design easy and fast. You don’t need a dedicated CAD-designer to create fixture designs. From designing to 3D printing, anyone can create the tools they need, and start to benefit.

Audi Sport truly excels in constantly finding more efficiency. By starting 3D printing for their tools they’ve reduced tool production cost over 80% while delivering these tools to the workers in a day instead of several weeks.

Audi Sport: 3D-printed tools, jigs and fixtures in a day instead of weeks

Governments around the world and companies in all industries and businesses are coming together to engage in efforts to achieve carbon neutrality (Fig. 1). Every conceivable multifaceted decarbonization measure is being taken. This includes, for instance, the utilization of renewable energies such as solar power, the electrification of equipment that was previously used by burning fossil fuels, and the reduction in power consumption of existing devices like home appliances, IT equipment, and industrial motors.Various countries and regions have introduced carbon pricing mechanisms as systems to shift greenhouse gas emissions from business activities to costs. As a result, in addition to being meaningful as social contribution, carbonization initiatives now have a clear numerical impact on the financial statements that serve as a report card for corporate management.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4NjczOTk0OTY2LXBvd2VyLXNlbWljb24taW1nMDAwMS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Fig. 1: Acceleration in the pace of efforts for electrification and a reduction in power consumption to achieve carbon neutrality<h2 id="isPasted">Full Model Change in Semiconductor Materials for the First Time in 50 Years</h2>There has been an increase in activity for decarbonization efforts. Against this background, there is a field in semiconductors where the pace of the movement in technological innovation is rapidly accelerating. This is the power semiconductor field.Power semiconductors are semiconductor devices that play the role of managing, controlling, and converting the power necessary to operate electrical and electronic equipment. These devices are built into so-called power electronics circuits. These circuits include power circuits that stably supply drive power to home appliances and IT equipment, power conversion circuits to transmit and distribute power without waste, and circuits that drive motors with high efficiency at a torque and rotational speed that can be controlled freely. These power semiconductors, which are key devices to realize a sustainable society, have now started to undergo a once-in-50-years full model change.Power semiconductors have various device structures including MOSFET*1, IGBT*2, and diodes. They are used differently according to the purpose. Nevertheless, although the structure differs, silicon (Si) has consistently been used for more than 50 years as the device material. That is because Si has good electrical characteristics and has the property of being easy to process into various device structures at the same time.*1: A Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a type of Field Effect Transistor. It functions as an electrical switch. These transistors consist of three layers: a metal, oxide, and semiconductor. The current is turned on and off by applying a voltage to the electrode called a gate.*2: An Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a transistor with a structure that combines a MOSFET and bipolar transistor. It is characterized by combining the high-speed operation of the MOSFET with the high withstand voltage and low resistance of the bipolar transistor. &nbsp;However, Si-based power semiconductors are no longer able to clear the high level of technical requirements to further reduce the power consumption of various electrical and electronic equipment. To overcome this situation, progress is underway on the utilization of new materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), which are more suitable than Si as materials for power semiconductors. SiC and GaN have multiple physical properties and characteristics suitable for power semiconductors. These include their dielectric breakdown field strength (affects the withstand voltage), mobility (affects the operating speed), and thermal conductivity (affects reliability). If we can develop a device that brings out those excellent characteristics, we can realize power semiconductors with even higher performance.SiC-based MOSFETs and diodes have already been commercialized. They are being used in electric vehicle (EV) motor drive inverters, DC/AC converters in solar power generation power conditioners, and other equipment. GaN-based HEMT*3 have also already been commercialized. They are now being used in AC converters for ultra-small PCs, chargers for smartphones, and other equipment.*3: A High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) is a Field Effect Transistor that enables high-speed switching by joining semiconductors with differing properties to induce electrons with high mobility.<h2>Evolution of Capacitors, Inductors, and Other Equipment Is Essential to Draw out the Potential of SiC and GaN</h2>It is not possible to draw out the full outstanding potential of power semiconductors made based on new materials simply by replacing the Si-based devices in existing power electronics circuits. This is because the other semiconductor ICs, passive components, and even the control software that comprise power electronics circuits have been developed and selected on the assumption they would be used in Si-based power semiconductors. It is necessary to newly re-develop and re-select these peripheral components as well to effectively utilize new material-based power semiconductors.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4Njc0MDE0MjUzLXBvd2VyLXNlbWljb24taW1nMDAwMl9lbi5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Fig. 2: Example of an AC/DC converter circuit utilizing a GaN-based power semiconductor used in data center servers and other technologiesFor example, numerous GaN HEMTs are being used in AC/DC converter circuits that have adopted GaN HEMTs recently introduced to lower power consumption in the power supplies of data center servers (Fig. 2). It is possible to improve the switching frequency (operating frequency) of power electronics circuits by utilizing the features of GaN HEMTs in that they enable high-speed switching at high voltages. The reactance value of capacitors embedded into circuits and inductors in reactor signal processing circuits can be lower in circuits with a high operating frequency. In general, low reactance components have a small size. Therefore, it is possible to downsize the circuit board and to improve the power density. Similarly, introducing SiC MOSFETs even in inverter circuits which drive EV motors and other components enables the downsizing of peripheral components and also allows the overall inverter circuits to be made smaller and more lightweight.On the other hand, a high level of noise may arise from high-voltage and high-speed switching power supplies. There is a possibility that noise may then adversely affect the operation of the peripheral equipment. Power supplies comprising power semiconductors made with SiC and GaN switch at an even higher frequency. Therefore, the risk of noise occurring further increases. Accordingly, stricter noise suppression is required than when using existing power electronics circuits. At that time, there is a need to use noise suppression components designed to be applied to high-voltage, large-current, and high-frequency circuits rather than those for conventional circuits.In addition, there is also a need for small transformers that operate at even higher frequencies for transformers that are particularly heavy components even among passive components. Low profile planar transformers and other components have already been developed and launched onto the market under the assumption that they will be used in SiC- and GaN-based power semiconductors.<h2>Attention Focusing on the Evolution of Peripheral Components in Addition to Power Semiconductors</h2>Various types of semiconductors, not limited to power semiconductors, have been made based on Si up to now. Therefore, many existing electronic components have been developed under the implicit assumption that they will be used by being combined with Si-based semiconductors. It may become necessary to develop new products to suit the new technical requirements instead of simply searching for even better products among existing components to maximize the effect of introducing power semiconductors made with new materials.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4Njc0MDMxOTYzLXBvd2VyLXNlbWljb24taW1nMDAwM19lbi5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Fig. 3: Distribution of power semiconductors by device material and structureIn general, Si-based power semiconductors tend to operate at lower speeds the greater the voltage and current they can handle (Fig. 3). That is the reason why there are not enough small capacitors and reactors that can handle high voltages and large currents. Moreover, there is a trend to simplify the heat dissipation system and to reduce the size, weight, and cost for SiC-based power semiconductors that can operate stably under high temperatures. In these cases, the passive components also need to have a guaranteed high reliability under a high-temperature environment.The introduction of new materials in the power semiconductor field is a major move to update the electrical and electronic ecosystem that has been optimized to Si materials for more than 50 years. Therefore, we also want to pay a great deal of attention to the evolution of peripheral electronic components optimized for new materials.<hr id="isPasted"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718674063548-1718674063548.png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">If you have any questions based on this article that you would like to discuss with an expert at Murata, don't hesitate to reach out. There's an entire team ready to support you with your question.<a href="https://www.murata.com/en-eu/contactform?&Detail=Wevolver%20request" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="button-main-action">GET IN TOUCH</a>

Supporting the Transition away from Fossil Fuels with the Power of Electronic Components

Unlocking Efficiency: Enhancing Power Conversion and Motor Drives with SiC and GaN Power Semiconductors

The way we get from A to B and back is rapidly evolving. At the heart of the urban transport revolution is technology-driven electric mobility (‘e-mobility’). This encompasses not only electric bikes (‘e-bikes’), electric scooters (‘e-scooters’), and other lightweight electric transport, but also electric cars that rely on the availability of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure to stay in motion. Driven by smart connectivity solutions, the e-mobility market is taking transportation efficiency to the next level in cities around the world.&nbsp;<h2>Shared micromobility&nbsp;takes commuters the last mile&nbsp;</h2>Micromobility technologies are enabling flexible, cost-effective, and eco-friendly ‘last mile’ alternatives to traditional commuting. For example, rentable e-bikes and e-scooters now make it faster, cheaper, healthier, more convenient, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly for people to travel the final part of a journey. Better yet, these solutions allow people to avoid private and public transport, reducing both traffic congestion and carbon footprints.&nbsp;It’s still early days for the sector, but all signs point to sustained growth and exciting development. One report by Market Research Future forecasts the global micromobility market will expand from $114.15 billion in 2024 to $303.47 billion by 2032 at a CAGR of 13 percent during the forecast period[1].&nbsp;<h2>Bluetooth LE&nbsp;the key&nbsp;to unlocking&nbsp;e-mobility potential&nbsp;</h2>Advanced low power wireless connectivity is the key to efficient e-mobility. Shared micromobility solutions require short-range wireless technologies such as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Bluetooth-Low-Energy" target="_blank">Bluetooth LE</a>&nbsp;to communicate between smartphones and rented transport, enabling equipment unlocking and mobile payment/subscription functionality.&nbsp;By reliably and securely linking shared e-bikes and e-scooters to smartphones, for example, riders can use associated apps to not only locate and unlock the nearest machine, but also take advantage of unique features such as beginner/safe modes and the ability to check estimated travel times to help plan journeys.&nbsp;Bluetooth LE is currently used in most share bikes for communication between the bike and a linked mobile because of its ubiquitous smartphone interoperability. Other systems employ&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">cellular IoT</a> with Bluetooth LE as a backup connectivity technology. The low power consumption of both cellular IoT and Bluetooth LE ensures e-vehicles remain connected for long periods.&nbsp;<h2>Wireless&nbsp;tech&nbsp;powers&nbsp;electric vehicle&nbsp;charging&nbsp;stations&nbsp;</h2>And it’s not only micromobility that’s shifting the gears of urban transport. Reliable, secure wireless connectivity also enhances the value proposition of EV charging stations. By encouraging EVs instead of conventional vehicles in city centers, carbon emissions are slashed, and everyone gets to breathe cleaner air.&nbsp;Wireless connectivity enables EV charging stations to become smart. For example, data can be gathered on the availability and condition of charging sockets. This data can be relayed to a central platform for staff to respond to disruptions or problems remotely. Avoiding potential technical issues can improve availability of the charging outlet for the consumer’s benefit.&nbsp;By seamlessly integrating Bluetooth LE, <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/WiFi" target="_blank">Wi-Fi</a>, and cellular IoT, developers can create innovative charging solutions that meet the evolving needs of the EV industry. This is important as EV adoption is accelerating and a large fleet of reliable charging points will be needed to meet demand.&nbsp;&nbsp;One innovative solution for increasing the number of charging points is to integrate them into smart streetlamps. Streetlamps are already connected to the main electricity supply offering a ready supply of energy for EVs. The U.K., for example, already boasts over 8,000 streetlight and bollard charging stations. Further lamppost conversions will allow the country to greatly expand its network of over 53,000 public charging points. Given charging point access has proved a significant barrier to EV adoption, converting streetlamps into EV charging stations will aid the rollout of EVs generally by ensuring charging is more accessible and convenient.&nbsp;<h2>Nordic nRF54 Series&nbsp;future ready for&nbsp;e-mobility&nbsp;advancement&nbsp;</h2>Nordic Semiconductor’s latest generation SoCs provide a powerful solution for developers of innovative e-mobility applications. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF54H20" target="_blank">nRF54H20</a>, for example, boasts multiple Arm Cortex-M33 processors and multiple RISC-V coprocessors. Combined with 2 MB non-volatile memory and 1 MB of RAM, the nRF54H Series endows the developer with the dedicated computing power needed to run complex e-mobility applications while also keeping power consumption low to extend battery life. &nbsp;As one of the most secure low power, multiprotocol SoCs on the market, the nRF54H20 is an ideal connectivity solution for e-mobility applications that demand protection of sensitive personal data used for payment, as well as safeguarding valuable e-transport assets.&nbsp;Furthermore, the nRF54H20 features an integrated high speed CAN FD controller. CAN (controller area network) is a standard bus used in vehicles for communications within their electronic systems, and integrating it into the nRF54H20 provides a powerful option for lower cost e-mobility implementations.&nbsp;Tomorrow’s e-mobility solutions powered by the nRF54H20 will be even more flexible, convenient, efficient, and secure. What those solutions will look like are down to the imagination of the developer, but we can be sure that they will extend micromobility to an even wider population resulting in cleaner, quieter, and safer cities.&nbsp;<hr><h3 id="isPasted">References</h3>1. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/micro-mobility-market-8315 &nbsp;

The way we get from A to B and back is rapidly evolving. At the heart of the urban transport revolution is technology-driven electric mobility (‘e-mobility’). 

New, powerful SoCs aid drive to e-mobility

As the demand for sustainable energy solutions intensifies, the role of electric vehicles (EVs) extends beyond transportation. The concept of bidirectional charging is becoming increasingly important as it allows electric vehicles (EVs) to not only receive power but also to supply it back to the grid or other connected systems when needed. This technology is significant because it helps ensure grid stability and sustainability by effectively turning EVs into mobile energy resources.In this article, we explore bidirectional charging, detailing its integration with modern EVs, and introduce the <a href="https://components.omron.com/us-en/products/relays/G9KB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Omron G9KB-E high-capacity power relay.</a><h1 dir="ltr">Foundations of bidirectional charging</h1>bidirectional charging is a technology that equips EVs with the capability to both receive and supply electrical energy. This system integrates into the vehicle's charging infrastructure, allowing the EV battery to act as a dynamic energy storage unit. Unlike traditional charging, which is a one-way flow of electricity from the grid to the vehicle, bidirectional charging facilitates a reversible flow, where energy can be returned to the grid or directed elsewhere as needed.The mechanics of bidirectional charging involve several key components: an inverter, a bidirectional charger, and intelligent software that manages the flow of electricity. The inverter is crucial as it converts the DC power stored in the EV’s battery into AC power that can be fed back into the grid. Conversely, it also handles the conversion of AC from the grid into DC to charge the vehicle’s battery.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4MTk1NTQyNjA2LWltYWdlNy5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="EV-bidirectional-charging-block-diagram-concept">Block diagram illustrating the concept of bidirectional charging for EVsA critical aspect of this technology is regulating power flow, which is controlled by sophisticated software algorithms. These systems ensure that energy transfer is efficient and occurs at optimal times, such as during periods of low demand when energy prices are lower and the grid is less strained. This capability requires a seamless and continued interaction between the vehicle, charging station, and the broader power grid, necessitating robust communication protocols to maintain synchronization and ensure safety. Bidirectional technology broadens the functionality of EVs and enhances the overall resilience and efficiency of the electrical grid. The following sections will explore these aspects in more detail.<h2 dir="ltr">Bidirectional charging applications</h2>Integrating bidirectional charging with EVs is a complex process that enhances the vehicle's ability to manage energy. This integration can be configured for many applications, each serving different needs.&nbsp;The core bidirectional power applications include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Vehicle to Load (V2L):&nbsp;Allows EVs to power external devices, useful for camping or emergencies, utilizing the EV's battery as a portable power source.</li><li dir="ltr">Vehicle to Home (V2H): Enables EVs to power homes during peak hours, reducing electricity costs by storing energy during off-peak times.</li><li dir="ltr">Vehicle to Building (V2B): Similar to V2H but powers entire buildings, offering emergency backup during outages.</li><li dir="ltr">Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V): Allows one EV to charge another, useful in emergencies when no charging stations are available.</li><li dir="ltr">Vehicle to Grid (V2G): Allows EVs to feed energy back into the grid, stabilizing it during peak demand or sudden spikes. Standardized under ISO 15118, V2G enables secure, efficient interaction between EVs and the grid.[1]</li></ul>Each of these methods leverages EVs' inherent storage capability to distribute electricity where it's needed most, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of our energy use. As these technologies mature, they promise to make EVs not just consumers of power but critical components of our energy infrastructure.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4MTk0MzQyOTA2LWltYWdlMy5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="V2H-V2B-commercial-EVs">V2H &amp; V2B tech can enable even commercial EVs to become mobile powerhouses, potentially providing power sources for buildings during high demand/power outages. Image credit: Heliox Energy<h2 dir="ltr">Benefits of Bidirectional Charging</h2>Bidirectional charging offers a multitude of advantages that contribute to both individual cost savings and broader environmental benefits:Cost Savings: By utilizing bidirectional charging, EV owners can operate their vehicles more economically. Charging an EV during off-peak hours when electricity rates are lower and then using that energy during peak hours can significantly reduce electricity bills. Some estimates suggest that users of this technology can save approximately $150 annually.[2] The amount may seem very modest at present, but as the technology matures, these savings are very likely to increase.Emergency Power:&nbsp;In the event of a power outage, bidirectional charging allows EVs to supply power back to the home or grid, serving as a backup power source. This can be crucial for maintaining critical functions in residential and commercial settings during emergencies.Grid Stability:&nbsp;This technology plays a crucial role in stabilizing the electrical grid by providing energy back during demand peaks. Instead of solely relying on grid-supplied electricity during high-demand periods, energy can be sourced from EVs, which act as mobile storage units. This reduces the risk of grid overload and enhances the reliability of the power supply.Renewable Energy Integration: Bidirectional charging facilitates greater use of renewable energy by storing excess generated energy in EV batteries during peak production times. This stored energy can then be used when solar or wind production is low, smoothing out the fluctuations in renewable energy availability.Reduced Emissions: By improving energy efficiency and promoting the use of renewables, bidirectional charging may help reduce a grid's overall carbon footprint. As more renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid, the reliance on fossil fuels decreases, leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions.These benefits showcase how bidirectional charging supports individual EV owners and contributes significantly to creating a more resilient, efficient, and sustainable energy ecosystem.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4MTk0MzcxNjU0LWltYWdlNC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="bidirectional-charging-for-V2H">Bidirectional charging revolutionizes energy management by providing cost savings, enhancing grid stability, and integrating renewable energy sources. Image credit: EVbox<h1 dir="ltr">Bidirectional Charging with Omron G9KB-E High-Capacity Power Relay</h1>Bidirectional relays play a crucial role in managing power flow in charging systems, enabling efficient energy transfer between electric vehicles and the grid or home. This capability allows EVs to charge from the grid and supply stored energy back, unlocking a range of V2X applications. Notably, relays like the Omron G9KB-E can replace two unidirectional relays, simplifying system design, reducing components, and enhancing reliability.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4MTk0Mzg3MTM0LWltYWdlMi5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="unidirectional-relays-vs-omron-bidirectional-relay">The Omron G9KB-E relay can replace two unidirectional relays, simplifying design and enhancing reliability. Image credit: OmronBy managing both incoming and outgoing power flow with a single relay, the G9KB-E ensures a more streamlined and effective control mechanism. Through precise control of power flow, the relay helps maintain stability and efficiency within the energy system, preventing overloading and ensuring desired power distribution.<h2 dir="ltr">Benefits of Using Bidirectional Relays in EV Charging Stations</h2>In bidirectional charging systems, maintaining safe and efficient energy flow is critical. Relays are crucial components in managing power flow and safeguarding the charging system. Their functionality is integral to the system's overall reliability, ensuring the safety of both the vehicles and users. Here are some ways in which relays enable the charging process:<ul><li dir="ltr">Bidirectional Power Flow Control:&nbsp;Relays can potentially manage the flow of power in both directions during bidirectional charging (EV to grid or home) by selectively switching circuits.</li><li dir="ltr">Component Reduction: Bidirectional relays can replace two unidirectional relays, streamlining system design and lowering costs.</li><li dir="ltr">Safe Connection/Disconnection: Relays act as a physical switch, allowing the charger to safely connect and disconnect the EV's battery. This ensures no power flows when the car is not plugged in or during emergencies.</li><li dir="ltr">Isolation and Switching: In chargers with variable voltage outputs for different EV types (e.g., high-voltage for trucks and low-voltage for cars), relays provide isolation between these outputs, preventing accidental mixing of voltages.</li><li dir="ltr">Emergency Shutdown: In case of fault conditions like ground faults, current surges, overheating, overcharging, or short circuits, relays can quickly interrupt the power flow, protecting the charger, EV battery, and users.</li></ul><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4MTk0NDAxMDQ2LWltYWdlMS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="block-diagram-EV-charging-station">Block diagram of an EV charging station highlighting the critical function of Omron G9KB-E relays in managing the power supply to the EV battery, ensuring safe and efficient charging.<h2 dir="ltr">Omron G9KB-E High-Capacity Bidirectional Power Relay</h2>The G9KB is a family of high-capacity power relays by Omron that are vital components in enhancing energy management for bidirectional charging systems. The G9KB relays are designed for both standard and high-power applications, making them a versatile choice for various energy systems.&nbsp;The Omron G9KB-E, a Single-Pole Single-Throw Normally-Open (SPST-NO) power relay, is the high-capacity model of the G9KB series. It can handle up to 800 VDC and 100 A, making it ideal for demanding energy management tasks.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE4MTk0NDEwNjE2LWltYWdlNS5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="omron-g9kb-e">Omron G9KB-E high-capacity power relay. Image credit: OmronHere are some key features of the Omron G9KB-E high-capacity power relay:<ul><li dir="ltr">Max Switching Voltage: Up to 800 VDC, making it suitable for high-voltage applications.</li><li dir="ltr">Max Switching Current:&nbsp;Capable of handling up to 100 A, ensuring it can manage substantial power loads.</li><li dir="ltr">Bidirectional switching: Bidirectional switching feature to replace two unidirectional relays with just one for bidirectional current applications.</li><li dir="ltr">Wide Operating Temperature Range: Operates efficiently from -40°C to 85°C, making it reliable in diverse environmental conditions.</li><li dir="ltr">Durability: The relay provides high electrical durability, guaranteeing at least 6,000 operations at 800 VDC and 18 A, 300 operations at 500 VDC and 100 A, 100 operations at 600 VDC and 100 A, and 10 operations at 800 VDC and 50 A (under specified measurement conditions of 1 second ON, 9 seconds OFF at 85°C and 25% to 75% relative humidity conforming to the conditions of JIS C 5442 test methods). This range of durability ensures reliable performance under a variety of load conditions.</li><li dir="ltr">Safety standard compliance:&nbsp;The relay meets safety standards such as UL 60947-4-1 and EN IEC 61810-10, designed for solar and energy storage system components.</li><li dir="ltr">Effortless PCB Installation: Safer and lighter than traditional gas-filled relays, with PCB mountings that eliminate the need for screw terminals and reduce manual labor costs.</li><li dir="ltr">Maximized efficiency: Low contact resistance for minimal voltage drop and heat generation to enhance system efficiency.&nbsp;<iframe id="6673055bd6d73867774c6178" width="250" class="specs-iframe" height="440" src="https://wevolver.com/iframe/specs/g9kb-e-pcb-power-relays-high-capacity-model?iframe=true" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Further applications of the G9KB-E Relay</h2>The G9KB-E power relay is instrumental in the practical implementation of bidirectional charging, significantly enhancing these systems' overall efficiency and reliability. Its role in facilitating smoother and safer energy transitions makes it a key component in advancing smart energy management solutions.While we have focused on its critical function in EV bidirectional charging, the versatility of the G9KB-E Relay allows it to be used in various other settings, including:<ul><li dir="ltr">Energy Storage Systems: The relay is integral in systems that store and manage renewable energy.</li><li dir="ltr">V2X Applications:&nbsp;It supports various vehicle-to-everything (V2X) interactions, including V2H, V2B, etc.</li><li dir="ltr">DC Household Appliances: The relay can also be adapted for use in direct current appliances within a smart home environment.</li></ul>For more detailed information on the G9KB-E power relay or to inquire about purchasing options, interested parties are encouraged to visit the <a href="https://components.omron.com/us-en/products/relays/G9KB" target="_blank">product information page</a>.&nbsp;<h1 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h1>In conclusion, bidirectional charging represents a significant advancement in energy management, leveraging electric vehicles as mobile energy sources. Despite its challenges, such as technical complexity and battery wear, the benefits, including cost savings, reduced emissions, and increased grid stability, are substantial.&nbsp;Continued innovation and supportive regulations are essential for its advancement. The Omron G9KB-E high-capacity power relay plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and safety of bidirectional charging systems, making it a key component in the transition to a more sustainable energy future.<h1 dir="ltr">References</h1>[1] ISO 15118-1:2019, Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface, ISO, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/69113.html" target="_blank">https://www.iso.org/standard/69113.html</a>[2] City-Wide Modeling of Vehicle-to-Grid Economics to Understand Effects of Battery Performance, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 44, 14975–14985, Publication Date:October 26, 2021, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05490" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05490</a>&nbsp;[3] OMRON Launches "G9KB" Relay for High Capacity Electricity Storage Systems, 11 May 2022, Omron, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://www.omron.com/global/en/media/2022/05/c0511.html" target="_blank">https://www.omron.com/global/en/media/2022/05/c0511.html</a>

Bidirectional charging introduces exciting possibilities for EVs to power entire buildings but necessitates meticulous control of energy flow. Components like high-capacity relays play a critical role, ensuring safe and efficient power transfer through precise switching and circuit isolation.

Enabling bidirectional charging for electric vehicles with high-capacity power relays

<h2 id="isPasted">Introduction</h2>Electric vehicles (EVs) have the concerns of long charging times and short driving ranges, which are challenges for widespread adoption. &nbsp;In order to solve those problems, weight reduction of vehicles and increase of battery voltage are becoming more popular. Murata has a wide lineup of high-voltage, and compact electronic components that meet these technological trends. Our lineup of safety capacitors are featured in this technical article.<h2>xEV and safety capacitors</h2>Safety capacitors are widely used in EVs. The main applications for EV are OBC (On Board Charger), Traction inverter and DC-DC converter. Safety capacitors are used in those applications as a common-mode noise filter and isolation. The following figure is shows a typical EV circuit. The capacitors highlighted in red require safety certification.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzMzI1MTY3LWltZy0wMDAxLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 1: Applications requiring safety capacitors - EV charging technology<h2 id="isPasted">Safety capacitors Solution</h2>We have been continuously expanding our lineup of IEC60384-14 X1/Y2 class certified safety capacitors in accordance with AEC-Q200, utilizing our experience and cutting-edge technology gained over many years in the automotive market.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzMzYzMTQxLWltZy0wMDAyLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 2: IEC60384-14 X1/Y2 Class Certified DE6 SeriesThe DE6 series are safety standard certified lead type disc ceramic capacitors for through-hole mounting. This series is rated at 300 Vac, 1000 Vdc with a range of capacity values from 100 pF to 4.7 nF. And this is certified as IEC60384-14 X1/Y2 class. Compared with film capacitors this series is smaller and can support high-temperature operation.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNDM1ODc5LWltZy0wMDAzLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 3: Space-saving, High-capacitance KCA seriesThe KCA series is a metal terminal type multilayer ceramic capacitor. Compared with the conventional safety capacitors, this series has a very small part size, which saves mounting space. The KCA series is a safety certified capacitor, and possible to reflow, which can increase the design flexibility and productivity. In addition, features such as low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) and low ESL (Equivalent Series Inductance) of multilayer ceramic capacitors contribute greatly to noise suppression. It is an IEC60384-14 X1/Y2 class certified safety capacitor with a voltage rating of 250 Vac, 1000 Vdc and a range of capacitance values from 100 pF to 10 nF.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNDU0NzE1LWltZy0wMDA0LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 4: ESL and ESR Characteristics of DE6 and KCA Series<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNDY4MDc2LWltZy0wMDA1LWVuLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 5: Structure of a metal terminal joined to an external electrode of a chipOne of the major advantages of choosing a metal terminal type multilayer ceramic capacitor is that the elastic action of the metal terminals greatly reduces the stress on the ceramic element. It is confirmed that the KCA series did not break even when the deflection of the substrate reached 6 mm in the substrate bending resistance test, and the solder crack did not occur even after 2,000 cycles in the temperature cycle test*. The risk of failure due to vibration is also reduced.*The product warranty differs from the test conditions based on the AEC-Q200 by a deflection of 5 mm and 1000 cycles, respectively.<h2>New series of safety certified capacitors for automotive</h2>We introduce a new product, the EVA series. The EVA series is a safety standard certified resin mold surface mount type ceramic capacitor. This is compatible with the high voltage 800 V battery system of xEV. It features a high rated voltage of 1500 Vdc and a creepage distance of 10 mm. This new product retains the advantages of surface mount, small size, and low ESL characteristic of the KCA series, while achieving the long creepage required by safety standards for high-voltage systems. The EVA series is an IEC60384-14 X1/Y2 class certified capacitor with a voltage rating of 305 Vac, 1500 Vdc and a range of capacitance values from 100 pF to 4.7 nF.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNTI1MTE2LWltZy0wMDA3LWVuLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 6: Securing 10mm for both creepage distance and clearance distance (outside bent part)<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNTM3NTg0LWltZy0wMDA4LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 7: ESL and ESR Characteristics of DE6 and KCA Series<h2 id="isPasted">Conclusion</h2>Safety certified capacitors are essential components for xEV systems to reduce EMI and withstand lightning surges. The safety certified capacitors introduced in this article are new solutions that meet the expectations of EVs.<table><caption>Table: Overview of the Murata safety capacitor portfolio</caption></table><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNjMxNzMxLTE3MTcyMjM2MzE3MzEucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><hr id="isPasted"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE3MjIzNjgyMDY3LTE3MTcyMjM2ODIwNjcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">If you have any questions based on this article that you would like to discuss with an expert at Murata, don't hesitate to reach out. There's an entire team ready to support you with your question.<a href="https://www.murata.com/en-eu/contactform?&Detail=Wevolver%20request" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="button-main-action">GET IN TOUCH</a>

Safety capacitors are widely used in EVs.
The main applications for EV are OBC (On Board Charger), Traction inverter and DC-DC converter. Safety capacitors are used in those applications as a common-mode noise filter and isolation.

Safety Ceramic Capacitor Solutions for EV Powertrains

In this episode, we discuss how a PhD student from the Technical University of Eindhoven might’ve cracked the code for high performance computer vision without compromising efficiency.

Podcast: Super Fast Computer Vision: Final Piece of The Autonomous Vehicle Puzzle

Explore the distinct functionalities, advantages, and industries driving the innovations of AC and DC motors. Delve into the technologies that shape our modern world, focusing on recent advancements and real-world applications. Understand their role in future engineering challenges and opportunities.

AC vs DC Motor: Unpacking Their Engineering Applications and Innovations

At RPWORLD, advancing product innovation for young professionals is deeply rooted in our tradition. We're delighted to support the innovative product designers and engineers as they are on their creative journeys.Recently, we sponsored the αCentauri Solar Racing team with customized components needed to the mechanical braking system of their solar car. The αCentauri team, running out of ETH Zurich, is dedicated to cultivating technical talents who are passionate about addressing environmental challenges. This partnership perfectly aligns with our mission to promote innovation and sustainability.<h2 dir="ltr">Project Background</h2>The initiation of solar car development by αCentauri team was driven by a noble cause&nbsp;—addressing the threat to the nation's lost glaciers due to climate change. The project aimed to use solar energy to redefine sustainable transportation, and to inspire the world towards a more sustainable future. This led them to target the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge. It is a 3,000km race through the Australian outback. In this challenge, 42 teams from 21 countries will race solar cars across Australia, testing both technology and human endurance.<h2 dir="ltr">Project Challenges</h2>When faced with the challenging task of creating customized parts for the solar racing car, αCentauri team turned to RPWORLD. The team manager expressed his concerns:<ul><li dir="ltr">How to choose processes &amp; materials for different mechanical parts: We urgently needed various metal parts for the steering wheel transmission shaft and brackets, but we're not sure about the best manufacturing processes and materials, especially when low quantities are required.</li><li dir="ltr">The project is on a tight deadline: While most components of the solar car were ready, we hope the car could be finalized as soon as possible to complete the test and have the best performance in the challenge. &nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">RPWORLD Solutions</h2><h3 dir="ltr">The Comprehensive DFM Analysis &nbsp;</h3>Our dedicated team of engineering professionals love to provide suggestions on manufacturing selection, design optimization, material selection, and post-processing methods for the project. When considering the bracket, the αCentauri team initially intended to use CNC machining. However, with comprehensive analysis, our engineer suggested sheet metal fabrication from Aluminum 5052, with the parts manufactured from a standard sheet metal of 3mm thickness.<h3 dir="ltr">Material Selection</h3>The steering wheel transmission shaft components demanded aluminum material with exceptional characteristics. Different grades of aluminum materials present distinct characteristics. Here’s the comparison of several commonly used aluminum materials. &nbsp;<div dir="ltr" align="left"><table><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum5083</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum6061-T651/T6</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum6063</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum 7075-T651/T6</td><td>Aluminum&nbsp;6082-T6</td></tr><tr><td>Strength</td><td>Good</td><td>Good</td><td>Good</td><td>Excellent</td><td>Excellent</td></tr><tr><td>Anodizing Effect</td><td>Good</td><td>Excellent</td><td>Excellent</td><td>Good</td><td>Excellent</td></tr></tbody></table></div>We selected aluminum 6082-T6 and aluminum 7075-T651 for the solar racing car project due to their superior strength and good anodizing properties, which are crucial for the high-performance demands of the vehicle.<h3 dir="ltr">Manufacturing Solution</h3>After a thorough analysis, RPWORLD's engineering experts chose CNC machining and sheet metal fabrication to produce precision components for mechanical braking system. These processes offer precision and customization advantages, ensuring precision and efficiency for these parts.To ensure both functionality and visual aesthetics, certain finished parts have also been anodized, not only enhancing their appearance but improving resistance to corrosion. Our comprehensive manufacturing solution enables customer to get components faster, accelerating the solar car development.<h2 dir="ltr">Customer Benefits</h2><ul><li dir="ltr">With CNC Machining and other manufacturing solutions, lead time was reduced by 50%.</li><li dir="ltr">Management risks reduced by customized and one-stop solution with multiple processes.</li><li dir="ltr">Production cost was reduced by 40% via changing to more appropriate manufacturing solution.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">High quality parts were assembled seamlessly on mechanical breaking system. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><blockquote>The great part of RPWORLD, was the fast delivery time they gave us, while not compromising on the quality of the product. So, I want to take this moment and thank RPWORLD for the part they delivered, which will enable us to complete at very high level at the Bridgestone World Challenge.— &nbsp;Manager of αCentauri Team</blockquote>

At RPWORLD, advancing product innovation for young professionals is deeply rooted in our tradition. We're delighted to support the innovative product designers and engineers as they are on their creative journeys.

CNC Machining Accelerates Solar Racing Car Crossing 3,000 Kilometers

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Introduction

Sensing Technologies

Thinking and Learning

EDGE and RTOS

Communication and Connectivity

Security

Tech Stack

Examining the latest developments in self-driving vehicles.

Autonomous Vehicle Technology Report

Automotives

In this article, we will dive deep into the world of simultaneous localization and mapping using Lidar technology. Lidar SLAM has been gaining popularity in recent years, thanks to its versatility and applications across various domains, including autonomous vehicles, mobile robotics, and indoor mapping.

Lidar SLAM: The Ultimate Guide to Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Explore the key differences, advantages, and applications of lidar and radar technologies in modern engineering projects.

Lidar vs. Radar: Comprehensive Comparison and Analysis

Diagram of an open circuit with circuit components

This guide offers an in-depth overview of different types of electric circuits, exploring their foundational concepts, common circuit layouts, specialized circuits, the latest technological advances, and their applications in real-life scenarios.

Types of Circuits: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineering Professionals

Choosing the optimal battery technology is pivotal to avoid future consequences. This comprehensive guide delves into the intricacies that distinguish NiMH and Lithium Ion batteries – their fundamental properties, performance across applications, etc. and equips readers for informed decision-making.

NiMH vs Lithium Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Comparison for Engineers

Automotives

Autonomous Vehicle Technology Report

Introduction

1. Sensing Technologies

2. Thinking and Learning

3. EDGE and RTOS

4. Communication and Connectivity

5. Security

6. Tech Stack

Profiles