This article explains what is a PLC, what's inside it, how the scan cycle works, which programming languages the current IEC standard defines, and how to choose the right controller for your application.
Technical Guides
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A Schmitt trigger is a circuit that converts slow or noisy inputs into clean digital signals using two switching thresholds. This guide explains hysteresis, op-amp and transistor designs, equations, real 74HC14, CD40106B, and 555 timer examples, and common design mistakes.
How engineers measure jitter, crosstalk, impedance, eye margin, and BER for reliable PCB designs
A Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with built-in hysteresis that uses two switching thresholds to eliminate noise and ensure stable output transitions. It is widely used for signal conditioning, waveform shaping, and robust digital and analog circuit design.
A voltage reference is a precision circuit that delivers a stable output voltage independent of temperature, power supply, and load variations. This article covers key reference technologies, specifications, selection criteria, PCB design, and applications in ADCs, DACs, and calibration systems.
Discover what is an FPGA and how field-programmable gate arrays empower engineers to create custom digital hardware. This guide combines a beginner-friendly definition with architectural insights, process technology, and design methodologies.
Active high-pass filters remove unwanted low-frequency signals while preserving useful higher frequencies. This article covers first- and second-order filter design, Sallen-Key and multiple-feedback topologies, and practical applications in audio electronics, instrumentation, and signal processing.
Active low-pass filters use op-amps, resistors, and capacitors to pass low-frequency signals while attenuating higher frequencies. This article covers first-order and second-order filter design, Sallen-Key and MFB topologies, cutoff frequency, Q factor, and applications.
A bandpass filter is a circuit that allows a selected range of frequencies to pass while reducing low and high frequencies. This article covers the design of active bandpass filters using op-amps, resistors, and capacitors, including cutoff and center frequencies,, Sallen-Key and MFB topologies.
A guide covering the full radio-frequency design workflow, starting from setting specifications and choosing topologies to matching, simulation, layout, and verification, to help antenna engineers.
A reference covering D latch logic, circuit design, timing, and real-world digital applications.
Maximizing signal integrity (SI) is fundamental for modern digital design engineers. As data rates soar and geometries shrink, ensuring that signals arrive at their destinations with correct timing and amplitude is paramount. This article discusses signal integirty essentials for designers.
Explore IoT security solutions with insights into the threat landscape, secure architectures, and best practices for engineers building resilient connected systems.
Understanding the signal names, numbering schemes, electrical limits and software control of the Raspberry Pi 5 general purpose input/output (GPIO) header empowers hardware and digital design engineers to build robust embedded solutions.
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2W features a quadcore 64 bit processor and builtin wireless in a tiny footprint. Its 40 pin header provides engineers with a flexible interface for embedded applications. This guide explores the theory behind the pinout and offers practical guidance for learners.
A comprehensive guide to half adder circuits for engineers and technical learners. Learn the theory behind half adders, explore truth tables, logic expressions, K maps, implementations with Logic gates, TTL/CMOS ICs, Verilog modelling, propagation delays, design strategies, and applications.
Understanding the differences between Modbus RTU and Modbus TCP/IP is essential for designing reliable and scalable control systems. This indepth guide compares the serial and Ethernet variants of the Modbus protocol, explains their strengths and weaknesses, and provides practical advice for engine
Discover key differences in GDDR6 vs GDDR6X memory: compare bandwidth, power efficiency, signaling methods, and design trade-offs for advanced GPU architectures.
A comprehensive technical comparison of low-pass and high-pass filters, covering how each works, practical circuit implementations, and when to use them in electronics and signal processing.
An insight into one of the most futuristic designs for power, data transfer, and communication. Find out the essentials of USB-C type pinout, its use cases, architecture, and implementation in modern computing devices
This article explores a vital power-saving technique in digital design, covering core concepts, implementations, and the differences between fine-grained, coarse-grained, and software-controlled methods. Learn why clock gating is crucial for energy efficiency, its applications in diverse systems.
A comprehensive technical analysis comparing High Bandwidth Memory 2 (HBM2) and GDDR6 memory architectures, examining architectural differences, performance metrics, and system integration considerations. Essential reading for system architects working with high-performance computing systems.
This article explores the principles behind optical encoders, their types, and their advantages, highlighting how they enhance performance, ensure accuracy, and meet demanding standards in complex control environments.
Delve into the basics of absolute encoders, its applications, advancements in technologies, calibration techniques, and the advantages over encoder types.
Harnessing cutting-edge technology to optimize energy efficiency, comfort, and security in modern buildings
