Explore the different types of solder, their unique properties, and their critical roles in various engineering applications. Understand how to choose the right solder for your project and the considerations involved.

Types of Solder: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineering Professionals

<h1 id="isPasted">Wired for Autonomy: Confronting PCBA Complexities in Mobile Robotics</h1><section>The field of untethered robotics is booming, and across industries, autonomous robots are rapidly assuming responsibility for an increasing number of tasks. In their expansion into increasingly diverse industries, these robots place additional demands on their internal workings, specifically the PCBAs that help them function.However, developing PCBAs for autonomous robot systems presents several unique challenges that electrical engineers must overcome to succeed. We take a deep dive into these challenges by exploring design considerations beyond those associated with conventional PCBAs.<h3>Beyond the Basics: Design Considerations for Autonomous Robots</h3>While core electrical principles remain a top priority, autonomous robotics introduces additional complexity to PCBA design that electrical engineers must consider from day one. To function properly, these machines must anticipate and plan for the unexpected in harsh, changing conditions.Intuitive Machines’ Odysseus moon lander recently brought this to light, when the private spacecraft <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/moon-lander-described-alive-well-day-after-white-knuckle-lunar-touchdown-2024-02-23/" target="_blank">landed on the moon’s surface</a>. As much as the sideways landing attracted media attention, few reports focused on last-minute troubleshooting that kept the mission afloat, a testament to the quick-thinking nature of the engineers involved.Here are some of the important factors to consider when designing PCBAs for untethered robotics:<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1713979758192-1713979758192.png" alt="Autonomous robot design considerations" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><ul><li>PCBAs Must Prioritize Efficiency: Untethered robots almost entirely rely on batteries, so PCBAs must focus on efficiency. The key to this is meticulous component selection, such as using low-power microcontrollers and efficient voltage regulators, as well as excellent circuit design that minimizes standby currents. Using clock gating also maximizes battery life and reduces heat generation.</li><li>Maintain Signal Integrity Amid Noise: Robots operate in dynamic environments with <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/bypass-caps-decouple-your-way-to-cleaner-power/" target="_blank">potential electrical noise</a> from motors, sensors, and external sources. EMI can wreak havoc on robotic sensors, causing glitches, calibration issues, or even complete sensor failure. Consider layout strategies in detail to cut crosstalk and ground loops and maintain clear signal transmission.</li><li>Build for Endurance: Many robots are subjected to extreme temperatures, temperature fluctuations, vibrations, and shocks. Use ruggedized PCBA boards that have components with adequate vibration and temperature ratings. To prevent overheating, soldering must be properly performed to handle thermal expansion and contraction, mechanical fatigue, and dust and moisture infiltration. Enclosures need to protect against dust and moisture egress.</li><li>Size Matters: Robots must be mobile, so PCBAs must also be compact and lightweight to minimize robot weight. Choose wisely when choosing mechanisms within your robot, like vacuum track-based models or electromagnetic ones. They may increase the mass of your robot and reduce maneuverability. High-density interconnect (HDI) techniques and minimizing wasted space become crucial.</li><li>Don’t Compromise Reliability: Autonomous robots, operating alone, demand ultra-reliable PCBAs to minimize failure. Filtering tackles this by reducing sensor noise for cleaner data, smoothing data for fewer errors, extracting key features for better navigation, and even lowering processing load for faster decision-making. Redundancy and fail-safe features further enhance reliability.</li><li>Play by the Rules: Robots must comply with <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/safeguarding-pcba-design-from-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) regulations</a> to ensure proper operation and avoid interfering with other electronic devices. Shielding techniques and filtering components become necessary.</li><li>Ensure Maintainability: After assembling, it’s crucial to diagnose faults and perform maintenance. Make sure test points are conveniently accessible after the final assembly. Consider implementing Built-in Test (BIT) features on the PCBA for self-diagnostic features or options for wireless troubleshooting.</li></ul><h2> </h2><h3>The Unexpected Factors: When Biology Interferes</h3>Biological influences are often overlooked when designing PCBAs for autonomous robotics but are an important factor. Autonomous robotics may work in many different environments, encountering biological challenges that can undermine even the most robust and reliable designs.<h3>Biofouling</h3>Biofouling, or the accumulation of microorganisms on surfaces, happens most frequently in aquatic environments. However, this issue can also occur within humid industrial settings or food processing facilities. Biofouling causes issues in many ways including:<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1713979758511-1713979758511.png" alt="Biofouling" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><ul><li>Reduced Performance: Fouling on sensors, thrusters, and hulls can decrease efficiency and accuracy. As a result, sensors become less sensitive, propellers drag more, and overall power consumption increases. Special coatings applied to surfaces can deter organism attachment.</li><li>Problems with Navigation: Fouling on navigational equipment leads to positioning and localization errors, which make it difficult for the robot to map its surroundings, keep its trajectory, and reach its destination.</li><li>Maintenance Issues: Regular cleaning to remove biofouling is essential, particularly in remote locations. As a result, downtime occurs and reduces operational efficiency. Prevent biofouling with brushes or wipers, as well as scheduled cleaning protocols.</li><li>Damage and Disruption: Biofouling can cause physical damage by promoting barnacle growth and corroding structures. Choosing materials that discourage organism growth is a passive defense, and monitoring systems can detect biofouling early and trigger automatic cleaning.</li></ul>Especially within industrial and food processing industries, biofouling can create a surprising but challenging issue for logistics robotics in order fulfillment, for example, or other autonomous vehicles. Make sure to consider this possibility when designing for specific applications.<h3> </h3><h3>Biological Challenges Across Environments</h3>While biofouling dominates aquatic environments, other biological factors impact robots in other settings:<ul><li>On Land: Dust, dirt, and debris can accumulate on sensors and cameras in terrestrial robots, hindering performance. Agricultural robots may encounter challenges with mud and plant debris.</li><li>Airborne: Airborne robots face issues with dust, pollen, insects, and other airborne particles that can increase drag, reduce lift, and affect sensor accuracy.</li></ul>To address animal-related challenges, EEs can employ design strategies like:1. Physical Resilence:&nbsp;<ul><li>Challenge: Animals may chew on cables or antennas, causing malfunctions.</li><li>Solution: Employ ruggedized components, reinforced substrates, and protective enclosures to enhance PCBA durability against physical damage from animal interactions. Additionally, utilize encapsulation and conformal coatings to safeguard critical components from moisture, dust, and possible damage by animals.</li></ul>2. Sensor Integrity:<ul><li>Challenge: Animals brushing against sensors can distort sensor inputs, leading to navigation errors.</li><li>Solution: Design sensors with robust shielding, noise filtering capabilities, and redundancy features to ensure reliable operation and accurate data despite potential interference from animals. Develop strategies for preventing animals from brushing against sensors to keep distortions and navigational errors from happening. For example, anti-fouling paints or cages around the robot could prevent fouling, or sensors might be placed where animals cannot access them.</li></ul>3. Mobility Optimization:<ul><li>Challenge: Animals blocking pathways or obstructing movement can impede the robot’s forward progress.</li><li>Solution: Develop strategies to address mobility constraints caused by animals blocking pathways or obstructing movement, ensuring that robots can navigate effectively and complete their objectives. This could include low-power LEDs or subtle sounds that encourage animals to move away. Optimize power management systems to maximize operational autonomy and extend battery life in resource-constrained environments where robots may interact with animals.</li></ul><h3>Security: The Next Level in AMR PCBA Design</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1713979758575-1713979758575.png" alt="AMR PCBA security" class="fr-fic fr-dii">AMR PCBA securityPCB design traditionally focuses on protecting against electrical malfunctions and physical damage. However, for AMRs (autonomous mobile robots) connected to the internet, cybersecurity emerges as a key concern. Hacking hazards present significant security risks. A compromised robot can open the door to major security breaches. Thus, incorporating encryption and secure boot mechanisms in PCBA design is essential to block unauthorized access.Hardware Trojan Horses also pose a silent yet profound threat. These sneaky modifications, made during manufacturing, can go almost unnoticed. To counteract this, it’s critical to partner with trustworthy suppliers and employ hardware authentication methods.Consider working with a partner with a connected technology platform that keeps you in touch with your manufacturing process from start to finish. Moreover, work with a partner that employs robust security practices and can provide proof of such, such as ISO and ITAR certifications, or membership in the ERAI, an organization established to <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/electronics-industry-counterfeit-parts-problem/" target="_blank">combat counterfeit electronics</a> and high-risk components in the electronics industry. MacroFab holds these standards, and it is a member of ERAI.Another challenge is the theft of PCBAs after robot deployment, especially those containing valuable intellectual property. Consider using tamper-evident seals or protective enclosures if you will be installing robotics in an unsupervised area.Want to read more about designing PCBAs for robotics? Read <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/documents/reshaping-robotics-how-pcba-advances-drive-tomorrows-autonomous-solutions/" target="_blank">Reshaping Robotics: How PCBA Advances Drive Tomorrow's Autonomous Soutions</a> now.<h2> </h2><h3>Conclusion: Embracing the Challenge</h3>The realm of PCBA design for autonomous robots transcends the traditional electrical engineer’s domain. While electrical fundamentals remain the cornerstone, navigating the complexities of this field necessitates venturing beyond the confines of the schematic. It’s a world where understanding environmental stresses, mitigating biological influences, and safeguarding against security vulnerabilities are equally critical.By embracing these unique challenges and fostering a spirit of relentless innovation, electrical engineers will become the architects of a new era in robotics. The future holds immense potential for these autonomous machines, with robust, adaptable PCBAs serving as their foundation.Need PCBAs for your robotics project?&nbsp;</section><a href="https://factory.macrofab.com/quick_quote?mbsy_source=c2dfbfd3-8c8b-4098-87b7-c7e0e06119ec&campaignid=62990&mbsy=6DBV3m" target="_blank">GET AN INSTANT QUOTE NOW</a><section><h5> </h5></section>

Autonomous robotics must anticipate and plan for the unexpected, often in harsh, changing environments. We take a deep dive into these challenges by exploring design considerations beyond those associated with conventional PCBAs.

Wired for Autonomy: Confronting PCBA Complexities in Mobile Robotics

Embedded World 2024, held at Nuremberg Messe from April 8 to 11, was a brilliant event for all engineers, designers, and researchers involved in embedded systems.&nbsp;With almost a thousand exhibitors and a huge schedule of related events, Embedded World has really lived up to its reputation of showcasing the industry's cutting-edge.&nbsp;Wevolver team members took the chance to meet engineers from all over the world. Here are some of the highlights.&nbsp;<h2>OKdo: LLMs at the edge.&nbsp;</h2>At Embedded World 2024, <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/okdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">OKdo</a> - a key player in single-board computing and IoT solutions - &nbsp;showcased its significant advancements in industrial computing technologies. One of the highlights was the display from LiquidAI. Liquid AI is developing a new generation of AI foundation models built from first principles - going beyond generative pre-trained Transformers (GPTs). Liquid neural net technologies unlock efficiency, robustness, explainability, and state-of-the-art performance. Generative AI on the edge (for example on a Raspberry Pi 5 or Rock 5a) becomes possible.&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEzOTUxMTA5ODUwLU9LIHN0YW5kLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The OKdo Embedded World stand. Credit: OKdo.<h2>Enabling cutting-edge PCB design</h2>Altium, a PCB design software company, &nbsp;introduced its new enterprise-grade system, Electronics Lifecycle Management (ELM), a system for enterprise-level hardware design and development, which was a featured presentation in the Exhibit Hall. The booth experience also featured live demos of solutions, including Altium Designer, Altium 365, Nexar API, and Octopart. Altium is transforming electronic development by allowing anyone in the electronics industry to connect with team members and partners and with solutions and data to work more productively.&nbsp;“Altium is uniquely positioned to reshape the future of electronics development and production. We were extremely excited to share our vision of a transformed industry ― which is fast becoming a reality ― with the world’s leaders in embedded technology at Embedded World 2024.” – VP Enterprise Marketing, Altium, Naomi Hamels&nbsp;See Altium in action below:&nbsp;<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aZeWMmDGFKg?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-9="true" id="253684619" title="Altium at Embedded World 2024">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe><h2>Exploring NXP's advancements in motor control and TSN communication&nbsp;</h2>At Embedded World 2024, NXP showcased advancements in smart edge technologies aimed at improving device automation and connectivity. They introduced new technologies and products for various markets, including automotive, industrial, and smart home sectors. Demonstrations highlighted NXP's solutions for software-defined vehicles, smart home interoperability, and industrial automation. The event also featured expert-led tours and demonstrations exploring AI, edge computing, and more.<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fFeo0q6AdWA?&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-9="true" id="597216751" title="Wevolver at Embedded World: NXP Semiconductors">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe><h2>The latest in automotive local dimming control with Synaptics</h2>AT EW 2024, Synaptics launched its <a href="https://www.synaptics.com/products/embedded-processors" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Astra platform</a> of AI-native embedded processors designed to enhance the capabilities of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This platform focuses on providing multi-modal, AI-enabled microprocessors (MPUs) and microcontrollers (MCUs) that are optimized for power efficiency and high performance. Astra supports a unified software experience across various operating systems and includes an adaptive AI framework, which facilitates the integration of AI into devices. It also offers robust connectivity solutions, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and is designed to help developers easily incorporate AI features into their products.During our visit, we also got to see their SmartBridge technology live. This advanced automotive display processor is a local dimming IC that supports large, high-contrast, high-resolution automotive LCDs while consuming lower overall power and cost. SmartBridge can handle up to 30-inch displays and 6k resolutions. It leverages a proprietary algorithm to analyze incoming images and control the brightness of each LED in the array.&nbsp;<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xGelGpfUJFw?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-9="true" id="506257900" title="Wevolver at Embedded World: Synaptics Incorporated">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe><h2>Code reading with MVTec Software</h2>At the Embedded World 2024, <a href="http://www.mvtec.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MVTec Software</a> showcased its extensive portfolio of machine vision software, prominently featuring their products HALCON and MERLIC. These products are designed to integrate seamlessly with various hardware configurations, supporting a broad spectrum of operating systems, AI accelerators, CPUs, and embedded boards. The company emphasized the adaptability of their software to different industrial needs, making it suitable for smart cameras, sensors, and other embedded vision applications.MVTec's presentation revolved around the theme "Embedded Vision = YOUR Hardware + OUR Software," underscoring the customizable nature of their solutions to enhance hardware capabilities with sophisticated vision software. This approach not only facilitates enhanced performance and compatibility across different machine vision standards like GigE Vision, GenICam, and USB3 Vision but also promotes quicker time-to-market for products developed using their systems. The technologies highlighted include advanced features for code reading, optical character recognition (Deep OCR), and deep learning applications such as anomaly detection.<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CHitadg5uKg?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-9="true" id="37302711" title="Wevolver at Embedded World: MVTec Software Demo">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe><h2>The 2024 State of Edge AI Report</h2>At Embedded World we were thrilled to share the 2024 State of Edge AI Report with you. &nbsp;This report represents months of hard work, research, and dedication to exploring the dynamic world of Edge AI applications across industries.<h3>Report Highlights:</h3>#1: Industry-specific insights– Each industry is covered by a dedicated chapter that provides industry-specific insights, descriptions, and examples. ,#2: Real-life case studies – Get comprehensive insights from featured sections of real-world case studies.&nbsp;#3: A look into the future - The report also provides a peek into the exciting generative AI technology and its convergence with edge computing before delving into the challenges still hindering Edge AI today.We hope you download the report below!&nbsp;<iframe width="540" height="665" src="https://c8056756.sibforms.com/serve/MUIFAIvLRE9FbYyICZVAlYl6oaSYA1y_4gbHWS82SbbrrHstSB6VMs2aj57Tvg0e16L_UZVprsukgYH2yB927lpe-0uPg3ZEAhJiDPRQb2_oMEFQLYiEcG6zXHV6DwzxZPaJo25g3EzCRsYZ5z3ey0dkbIZE_M-AQ1kRN3i2_dq-vjEv7FQC29p_-Vu8tD5vbyaerZZF9IYqTQ8D" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" allowfullscreen="" style="display: block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;max-width: 100%;" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-9="true">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe>

Wevolver was present at the recent Embedded World event in Nuremberg to launch the 2024 Edge AI report. 


Embedded World 2024: Trends, Tech, and Trailblazers

Silicon Carbide (SiC) wafers are specialized materials employed in semiconductor technology, crafted from silicon carbide. This article explores the advent of silicon carbide (SiC) wafers and how it has opened up new possibilities in power electronics.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) Wafers: Revolutionizing Power Electronics and Beyond

This article delves into the various types of printed circuit boards, their fundamental concepts, structures, manufacturing processes, and advanced PCB technologies, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and typical applications.

Types of Printed Circuit Boards: A Comprehensive Guide

<h2 id="isPasted">Introduction&nbsp;</h2>Your design choices play a major role in ensuring the quality and reliability of your end product. The key to making good choices is building adaptability and expertise to first understand how your choices will affect the design and how it can be manufactured.This expertise as a PCBA designer will make you stand out in the competitive electronics industry.This e-Book will provide you with the design skills to develop exceptional PCBAs that not only meet but surpass their intended objectives while adhering to tight deadlines and budget constraints. Besides covering the essentials of PCBA design, this invaluable resource will also give you an insight into more advanced approaches and best practices to help even the most experienced designers achieve success. &nbsp; We will cover• Designing for Manufacturability: Discover techniques for optimizing your designs tosimplify manufacturing processes and reduce cost•&nbsp;Designing for Reliability: Understand how to create robust PCBAs that withstandchallenging environments and perform consistently over time• Designing for Testability: Learn to incorporate built-in testing methods to streamlineproduction and improve fault detection.• Designing for Compliance: Explore strategies to ensure your designs adhere to industryregulations and standards.• Designing for EMC Compliance: Uncover the principles behind electromagneticcompatibility and learn how to minimize interference in your PCBA designs.• Designing for PCBA Lifespan: Gain insights on maximizing the longevity and performance of your PCBAs through strategic design choices.Embrace the challenge and embark on this technological journey. You're only one step away from unlocking your full potential in the dynamic world of electrical engineering. Start reading today.<h2>Section One: &nbsp;Designing for Manufacturability: Design Techniques and Best Practices</h2>Design complexity is a daily reality for most PCBA designers, making their jobs increasingly difficult and challenging. This complexity extends beyond design, leading to intricate manufacturing hurdles.Selecting a contract manufacturer that aligns with your design needs is crucial, as every product is unique and quality hinges on a compatible factory. A mismatch can result in manufacturing issues that can persist long after product shipment, causing unfulfilled warranty expectations, financial strain, or even loss of market share.Design is a crucial element in the manufacturing and assembly process, and implementing effective strategies can make all the difference. While "design for manufacturability" (DFM) is a known concept, it is sometimes underappreciated or underutilized by electrical engineers.&nbsp;Design for Manufacturability (DFM) is a proactive approach to designing products that can be consistently manufactured by the designated supply chain with minimal defects. A DFM approach combines best practices with a keen awareness of supply chain limitations, and it can improve the efficiency and quality of manufacturing.By embracing DFM in the design process, electrical engineers can sidestep common problems like high production costs, low yields, extended lead times, and component shortages that tend to surface when DFM is neglected.The purpose of this section is to provide electrical engineers with a deeper understanding of PCBA design guidelines and DFM best practices.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Best Practices for PCBA Design</h2>To create high-quality, cost-effective, and easily manufactured PCBAs, it's essential to adhere to certain design guidelines that are critical for manufacturability. These include<h3 dir="ltr">Component Placement and Selection</h3>Choosing the right components for your PCBA is crucial for long-term reliability and performance. When selecting components, be sure to:<ul><li dir="ltr">Opt for standard components: Avoid unique or rare components, which may lead to higher costs, limited supplier competition, and increased supply chain disruptions. Standard components are more cost-effective, have a proven track record, and have shorter lead times for better on-time product delivery.</li><li dir="ltr">Conduct a Bill of Materials (BOM) analysis:&nbsp;A streamlined BOM can help reduce manufacturing costs. Fewer parts result in less purchasing activity, lower inventory needs, simplified inspections, and easier testing protocols. Careful creation and review of the BOM are essential to achieve this.</li><li dir="ltr">Use multi-functional parts: Choose components that serve multiple purposes, such as a cover or base plate that also functions as a heat sink.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Account for Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL):&nbsp;Identify the MSL for all components and ensure the exposure time on the production floor is controlled. This helps prevent moisture-induced damage to sensitive components.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Improve PCBA Design with Lean Processes</h3>As you tackle your PCBA design, remember to prioritize efficiency. Remove any unnecessary steps or elements that don't contribute to your product's overall quality or function. By simplifying the supply, fabrication, and assembly processes, you'll not only increase accuracy and speed but also make your PCBA easier to manufacture.&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Use consistent traces: Use consistent trace widths and avoid overly complex routing patterns to facilitate a smooth and easy manufacturing and inspection process</li><li dir="ltr">Optimize component placement:&nbsp; Choose careful component placement to minimize trace lengths and reduce the chance of signal interference</li><li dir="ltr">Collaborate with manufacturers:&nbsp; Engage in early and ongoing communication with your CM to ensure design compatibility and address potential issues to improve and enhance manufacturability.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Optimize Trace Routing and Layout</h3>Some key aspects to consider while optimizing trace routing and layout are:<ul><li dir="ltr">Trace Widths and Spaces:&nbsp;Choose trace widths and spaces according to the guidelines provided by IPC-2221 to ensure the efficient distribution of electrical signals and reduce signal interference.</li><li dir="ltr">Layer Stackup:&nbsp;Design a balanced layer stack-up that promotes efficient signal routing and thermal management, considering factors such as signal integrity and power distribution.</li><li dir="ltr">Routing Techniques:&nbsp;Implement appropriate routing techniques, such as using differential pairs, controlled impedance traces, and avoiding 90-degree angles, to maintain signal integrity and reduce the possibility of electromagnetic interference (EMI).</li><li dir="ltr">Ground and Power Planes: Design solid ground and power planes to provide adequate electrical and thermal performance while minimizing noise and crosstalk.</li><li dir="ltr">Design for Signal Integrity: Consider factors such as trace impedance, trace length matching, and proper termination to ensure the signals maintain integrity throughout the circuit.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Implement Design for Manufacturing (DFM) &amp; Design for Test (DFT)</h3>The DFM process focuses on designing products to be easily and cost-effectively manufactured. By considering factors such as materials, component placement, and fabrication techniques, DFM aims to minimize production costs, reduce the risk of manufacturing defects, and increase the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process. &nbsp;DFT on the other hand, ensures the PCBA can be tested and diagnosed efficiently. This process involves designing the board to be easily accessible for testing equipment, incorporating test points, and providing the necessary documentation for test engineers. &nbsp;Consider:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Utilize Design Rules Check (DRC): Employ DRC to verify design compliance with industry standards, evaluating parameters like trace widths, spacing, hole sizes, and component placement to ensure successful fabrication.</li><li dir="ltr">Detect and Address Design Issues Early: Using DRC and DFT tools helps identify potential design violations or testability problems early, allowing designers to resolve them before manufacturing</li></ul>Implementing these tools can help detect potential design violations or testability issues early in the process, enabling designers to address them before the manufacturing stage, ultimately saving time and reducing costs.MacroFab's DFM Check:After an order is placed, MacroFab runs an extensive DFM check to ensure the highest quality PCBAs. This analysis includes evaluating the design's manufacturability and identifying potential issues impacting the production process. &nbsp;By utilizing MacroFab's proactive approach, customers can avoid costly rework and achieve faster time to market.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Challenges in PCBA Manufacturability</h2>The field of circuit board assembly has evolved significantly since its inception, leading to the development of advanced technologies and assembly methods that enable the creation of innovative electronic devices. However, these advancements have also brought about certain challenges when it comes to manufacturing PCBAs.So, what kind of challenges are we talking about? Let's explore some of the common issues that arise with popular PCBA design choices.Join thousands of engineers who have unlocked their full potential! Download the complete MacroFab's Engineering Essentials guide (over 70 pages) and gain the insights trusted by leading professionals in the industry.<a href="https://www.macrofab.com/documents/pcba-design-handbook-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download now</a>

To excel in the fast-paced electronics industry, you need not just adaptability, but a cultivated expertise to discern the far-reaching impact of your design decisions. This eBook is your key to building such expertise.

Engineering Design Essentials: The PCBA Design Handbook

Are you an EE looking for a new podcast?  Here's a list of MacroFab Circuit Break episodes to get you started. 

The Perfect Binge! Top 8 Circuit Break Episodes for New Listeners

<h1 id="isPasted">Cybersecurity &amp; the Supply Chain: Safeguarding PCBA Builds</h1><section><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161626033-1712161626033.png" alt="Cybersecurity supply chain first" class="fr-fic fr-dii">In today's hyper-connected world, the intersection of cybersecurity and the global supply chain has become increasingly crucial, particularly for electronics organizations. The growing reliance on digital technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to new challenges, exposing vulnerabilities in cybersecurity measures and creating opportunities for cybercriminals.In this blog post, we'll explore the current state of cyberattacks, the staggering financial and reputational costs of cybercrime, and the steps organizations can take to protect their Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) builds while fulfilling their ethical obligations to end users and the wider community.<h2></h2><h3>The State of Cyberattacks</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161626427-1712161626426.png" alt="State of cyberattacks" class="fr-fic fr-dii">As we delve into the murky world of cyber threats, it's essential to understand the various attacks prevalent today. The cost of cybercrime is on the rise. With businesses becoming increasingly digital, the opportunities for cybercriminals are growing. In 2022, the estimated global cost of cybercrime was a staggering $600 billion, expected to rise in the coming years.The digital world has observed a striking surge in ransomware assaults in recent years. These pernicious attacks not only freeze critical business functions, potentially leading to significant operational losses, but they can also inflict substantial financial penalties and tarnish an organization's reputation. Prominent cases such as the Colonial Pipeline incident in 2021 serve as stark reminders of the potential scale and real-world implications of these attacks.The rapidly expanding ecosystem of the Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly falling under the crosshairs of cybercriminals. This interconnected network of devices, particularly integral and of interest to the electronics industry, often lacks stringent security protocols, making them prime targets for exploitation. Notably, the Mirai botnet attack of 2016, which commandeered IoT devices to launch distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, illustrates the inherent vulnerabilities of these systems.Persistent threats from nation-state actors continue to menace government institutions and organizations, drawn by the cache of sensitive information they harbor. The U.S., with its vast digital infrastructure and wealth of data, remains a high-profile target, enduring an incessant barrage of cyberattacks. Examples of this include the SolarWinds hack of 2020, widely attributed to a nation-state actor, which infiltrated numerous U.S. government agencies.<h2></h2><h3>How Cybercrime and PCBA Design Interconnect</h3>PCBA design plays a significant role in determining the security and integrity of electronic devices, as it influences the effectiveness of security measures, exploitable vulnerabilities, and how resilient electronic devices are to cyber threats.In this context, a well-executed PCBA design, integrating robust security practices, can help safeguard against cybercrime. Conversely, a poorly designed PCBA can create vulnerabilities that cybercriminals can exploit, leading to data breaches, unauthorized access, and other malicious activities.Here are some specific ways PCBA design can enhance or undermine cybersecurity:<ul><li>Device Vulnerabilities: PCBA design plays a crucial role in determining the security of electronic devices. If a PCBA is poorly designed, it may have vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals. For example, inadequate security measures, weak authentication mechanisms, or insufficient protection against tampering could make the device more susceptible to cyberattacks. Several <a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-42114" target="_blank">modern DRAM devices</a> were affected by a novel Rowhammer attack in 2021.</li><li>Malware and Backdoors: Cybercriminals may target PCBA design to introduce malware or backdoors into electronic devices. By compromising the PCBA design process or the supply chain, attackers can inject malicious code into the firmware or hardware of the device, allowing them to gain unauthorized access, control the device remotely, or steal sensitive information.</li><li>Data Breaches: PCBA design flaws can also contribute to data breaches. If a PCBA lacks proper encryption mechanisms or fails to implement secure communication protocols, cybercriminals may intercept or manipulate data transmitted by the device, leading to the compromise of sensitive information.</li><li>Countermeasures: Conversely, PCBA designers need to incorporate cybersecurity measures into their designs to mitigate the risks of cybercrime. This includes implementing secure communication protocols, strong encryption algorithms, secure authentication mechanisms, and physical protection against tampering. By considering cybersecurity during the PCBA design process, designers aim to minimize vulnerabilities and enhance the overall security of the device.</li><li>Forensics and Investigation: In the aftermath of a cybercrime incident, PCBA design can play a role in forensic analysis and investigation. Experts may examine the PCBA design, firmware, or components to identify potential vulnerabilities, backdoors, or traces of tampering. This analysis can help in understanding the nature of the cyberattack, attributing it to specific actors, and taking appropriate measures to prevent future incidents. After the SolarWinds supply chain attack in 2020, cybersecurity experts investigated both the affected software and the hardware it interacted with.</li></ul>The impact of PCBA design on cybersecurity cannot be overstated. A poorly designed or delivered product with design flaws or vulnerabilities not only risks user data and privacy but also puts individuals and organizations at risk of financial loss and reputational damage.As such, it is imperative for companies to invest in robust PCBA design processes, incorporate best practices for security, and conduct thorough testing and evaluation to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.To avoid the financial repercussions of delivering a product leading to a cyber breach, companies should ensure they maintain continuous high standards for PCBA design and protection during manufacturing by working with a trusted manufacturing partner who takes security seriously. By prioritizing cybersecurity, companies can contribute to a safer digital landscape, bolster user trust, and mitigate the risks associated with cybercrime.<h2></h2><h3>The Cost of Cybercrime</h3>Cybercrime carries far-reaching financial implications. For example, in the U.S., the average cost of a data breach in 2022 was estimated to be $8.64 million. Moreover, the time it takes to identify and remediate a breach is also a significant factor in the overall cost. On average, it takes organizations 280 days to identify and contain a breach, during which the cybercriminals can cause substantial damage.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161626668-1712161626668.png" alt="Cost of cybercrime graph1" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Source: <a href="https://cybersecurityventures.com/cybercrime-damage-costs-10-trillion-by-2025/" target="_blank">Cybercrime Magazine</a> Projections suggest that by 2025, the annual cost of cybercrime will skyrocket to $10.5 trillion, almost tripling the cost recorded in 2015.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161626744-1712161626744.png" alt="Cost of cybercrime graph2" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Source: <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/273575/us-average-cost-incurred-by-a-data-breach/" target="_blank">Statista</a>Furthermore, reputational damage, loss of customer trust, and potential legal repercussions can have far-reaching effects hard to quantify but are just as damaging.<h2></h2><h3>Protective Measures for Electronics Organizations Against Cyber Threats</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161626943-1712161626943.png" alt="Protective measures" class="fr-fic fr-dii">The cost of cybercrime is expected to soar in the coming years. Global expenditure in the cybersecurity market is projected to rise by $5.7 trillion between 2023 and 2028, reaching a staggering $13.82 trillion by 2028. Electronics organizations are particularly vulnerable, as cyberattacks can lead to intellectual property theft, product counterfeiting, and fraud.To address these challenges, manufacturers must adopt a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity. This section outlines several data-driven steps manufacturers can take to protect themselves against cyber threats.<h3></h3><h3>Uphold IP Confidentiality Throughout Manufacturing</h3>For electronics organizations, ensuring the protection of intellectual property (IP) during the manufacturing process is of paramount importance. This is due to the potential of cyberattacks and theft. Here are some actionable steps to guarantee IP confidentiality throughout manufacturing:<ul><li>Secure File Sharing: Adopt secure practices for sharing design files with contract manufacturers (CMs). Measures could include file encryption, password protection, and the use of secure file transfer protocols. Access to design files should be strictly limited to necessary personnel.</li><li>Trusted Partners: Maintain a strong relationship with CMs known for protecting sensitive information. Perform regular security audits to verify compliance and ensure they have robust cybersecurity defenses.</li><li>Non-disclosure Agreements (NDAs): Establish NDAs with CMs and other partners who handle sensitive design files. These agreements should stipulate each party's responsibilities concerning IP protection and penalties for breaches.</li><li>Design Obfuscation: Consider employing techniques that make unauthorized understanding or reverse-engineering of design files challenging. These could include splitting designs across multiple files or using proprietary file formats.</li><li>Monitoring and Tracking: Consistently oversee and track the handling of design files throughout the manufacturing process. Implement a system that records access to sensitive files</li><li>Manufacture in IP-strong locations: Manufacturing in countries with robust IP laws, like the USA and Mexico, further protects designs against cyber attacks.</li><li>Employee training: Train employees on the importance of IP protection and the potential consequences of IP theft. Encourage a culture of cybersecurity awareness and vigilance within the organization. Ensure all manufacturing partners do the same.</li></ul>By taking these proactive measures, electronics organizations can significantly reduce the risk of IP theft during manufacturing, helping maintain their competitive edge and protect their investments in research and development.<h3></h3><h3>Mitigate Counterfeit Component Risks through Strategic Sourcing</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161627129-1712161627129.png" alt="Mitigate conterfeit component risks" class="fr-fic fr-dii">A 2020 study by the Alliance for Gray Market and Counterfeit Abatement (AGMA) found that counterfeit components in the technology industry lead to an estimated loss of $28 billion in revenue annually. Ensuring components are sourced from reliable and verified suppliers can help mitigate this risk.Not only can counterfeit components lead to system instability, failures, or unusual behaviors that can aid a cyberattack, but they can also allow embedded malware and hardware trojans to be activated once the PCBA they're attached to has been used. By doing so, hackers can gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or disrupt the device's operations.To mitigate these risks, companies should maintain the integrity of their supply chain by vetting suppliers carefully and by using secure hardware and software design practices to protect against threats.<h2></h2><h3>Conclusion</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712161627252-1712161627252.png" alt="Cybersecurity supply chain conclusion" class="fr-fic fr-dii">In conclusion, the rapidly evolving landscape of cyber threats and the significant financial and reputational damages that cyberattacks can inflict necessitate proactive measures to safeguard businesses, particularly in the electronics industry. As cybercrime costs continue to rise, organizations must prioritize implementing robust cybersecurity strategies to protect their valuable assets and intellectual property.By adopting various data-driven protective measures, such as detection and prevention tools, employee training, response planning, IP protection, and secure strategic sourcing, organizations can effectively mitigate cyber risks and create a more resilient and secure environment for their operations. Proactive investment in cybersecurity is essential for the survival of individual businesses and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and security of the global supply chain.</section><h4>Discover How MacroFab Can Keep Your IP Safe&nbsp;</h4><a href="https://www.macrofab.com/prototyping/intellectual-property/" target="_blank">PROTECT YOUR BUILDS WITH MACROFAB</a>

Hackers can access sensitive data and disrupt device operations by activating embedded malware or hardware trojans in counterfeit components.  How can you avoid these issues? 

Cybersecurity and the Supply Chain: Safeguarding PCBA Builds

This comprehensive series delves into the fundamentals of PCB design, including design workflow, signal integrity, manufacturing, testing and debugging, advanced design techniques, and the latest software and tools available for PCB design.

PCB Design: A Comprehensive Guide to Printed Circuit Board Design - Part 2

PCB Design: A Comprehensive Guide to Printed Circuit Board Design - Part 1

It is easy to take for granted actual scales when zoomed in on modern high-res flat-screens, but in reality, the surfaces of PCB boards are not two-dimensional with precisely defined edges. The layers of copper, solder mask, silkscreen and non-planar surface finishes are raised and allowing for solder mask expansion and dams can reduce space between elements even further.Allowing for sufficient component clearances is something PCB designers know all about, but many inexperienced and experienced designers still end up digging their own graves to avoid a little bit of extra rerouting.&nbsp;As careful engineer Xiao Peng learned, the perfect layout depends not only on one’s experience but also on one’s toolbox. Various tools are freely available to provide a systematic and automated approach to detecting such issues and improving the layout overall.&nbsp;Xiao Peng is a PCB layout engineer with over a decade of industrial experience under his belt from layout to production. But his recent experience caused him to doubt his abilities.As per his standard workflow, Xiao Peng’s pre-production checks consist of meticulous design review covering signal integrity, functionality and performance, design for manufacture (DFM) and design for assembly (DFA). However, for this particular batch undergoing wave soldering, the incidence of cold solder joints and insufficient through-hole barrel fill defects was unusually high. Consequently, the batch failed to meet IPC Class 2 standards.IPC Class 2 standards define strict requirements for solder joints. For through-hole joints, the barrel must have a minimum solder fill ratio of 75%, with 25% sinking allowed.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE3OTcwNzA3LVdlaXhpbiBJbWFnZV8yMDI0MDMyMTE0MTIyNi5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 478px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Xiao Peng suspected that the nearby surface mount resistor could be the culprit and upon inspection, found that the distance between the pads was only 0.2mm. This spacing was more than enough for solder mask dams to form and prevent solder bridges, however, the effect on the through-hole joint was not clear. After consulting the assembly technicians, it was found that the board was suffering from shadowing effects.&nbsp;PCB shadowing is the phenomenon whereby taller parts cast shadows on other lower neighboring parts which can have consequences on soldering, thermal management and signal integrity. For wave soldering, the nearby components can physically block molten solder from reaching certain areas of the PCB, in this case, the through-hole barrels.&nbsp;To remedy the issue, the technicians recommended a clearance of 3mm to mitigate the effects of shadowing, and even more for taller components.&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE4MDY4OTU1LUhRREZNIENvbXBvbmVudCBzcGFjaW5nLnBuZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">With wave soldering, components can affect neighboring solder joints even with the presence of a solder mask dam.At the same time, HQDFM, the PCB design analysis software from HQ Electronics was recommended to Xiao Peng, which claims to be able to detect PCB shadowing issues and many other DFM issues. HQDFM indeed highlighted the spacing issue among other errors. After following the suggestions, the new design effectively eliminated cold solder and barrel filling defects.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE4MTIxNjM1LUhRREZNIENoaW5lc2UgVmVyc2lvbiBTY3JlZW5zaG90IG9mIGNvbXBvbmVudCBzcGFjaW5nIHZpb2xhdGlvbi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Tight component spacing detected in HQDFM software (Chinese Version)As Xiao Peng discovered, even the most experienced engineers could do with extra assistance here and then. Unlike in China, where engineers can freely contact their manufacturers and expertise is common, overseas designers outsourcing overseas will have time differences, language barriers and limited resources to contend with.<blockquote>“I am deeply aware of the close relationship between quality and design. A good design can not only improve product performance and quality but also reduce production costs and difficulty. Inbuilt DRCs are one way of detecting issues, but they are often limited and are based on black-and-white values you have to feed in yourself. HQDFM on the other hand is powerful, informative and explicit in its goals to reduce manufacturing issues and improve reliability even if you don’t use HQ for production.&nbsp;</blockquote><blockquote>I especially liked the fact that HQDFM is free yet powerful. HQDFM looks at everything from bare board spacings to component heights and the impact on wave soldering and gives specific recommendations and figures. There aren’t many tools outside of EDA programs that can be considered essential in the designer’s toolbox but HQDFM is one of them and I will be using it extensively from now on.”&nbsp;- Xiao Peng</blockquote><h2>Common spacing pitfalls and guidelines</h2>Knowing what to look out for and the potential impact is the first step for PCB designers to improve their DFM evaluation skills which can then be incorporated at the earliest stage of design. The second is the ability to quickly detect issues, which can be accomplished with tools like HQDFM. HQDFM helps to achieve both of these goals through education and detection. Some of the component spacing issues covered by HQDFM include:<h3>Through-hole to Surface Mount Pad Spacing</h3>In Xiao Peng’s case, the close proximity of the through-hole and surface mount pads resulted in the through-hole being inadequately filled during wave soldering. For reflow soldering, insufficient spacing between through-holes, opened vias, test points, metallic mounting holes, and surface mount pads can result in solder being pulled away from the surface mount pad, resulting in poor wetting and making solder defects such as tombstones more likely.&nbsp; If spacing is limited, consider putting vias on pads, but these should be plugged and capped to prevent solder from leaking through the via. Be aware that via plugging and capping require specialist machinery and come at an additional cost.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE4NDk4MTE0LUhRREZNIHZpYS1pbi1wYWQgc3BhY2luZy5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 426px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Via on SMD pad illustration - HQDFM<h3 id="isPasted">Solder Mask Dams</h3>Any two objects that are so close together that they do not leave room for solder mask dams are at risk of solder bridges. Solder mask, or also accurately named solder&nbsp;resist, is your best friend in both SMT and wave soldering as it helps to prevent solder from building up where it is not wanted. For fine-pitch components, especially chips with underside pads, dams can be a lifesaver. For a single reflow, you can probably get away with suitably sized stencil openings, but when it comes to rework and manual soldering, the lack of dams will require greater skill and patienceharder. Pro-tip: most PCB manufacturers have their own solder mask expansion values and will not necessarily follow the lengths in your Gerber files. So a more accurate way of determining if the spacing is large enough for dams to form is to follow pad-to-pad (copper to copper) spacing from manufacturers. Also, remember that values typically vary according to solder mask color. If color is not important, sticking with regular green will produce the best results. If you need to push the limits further, use ENIG plating for a planar pad surface.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE4NTM2NTYyLUhRREZNIHNvbGRlciBtYXNrIGRhbS5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 400px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">SMD Pad Spacing illustration - HQDFM<h3 id="isPasted">Solder Mask Opening to Trace Spacing</h3>Traces positioned too close to pads may inadvertently be exposed as a result of solder mask expansion and be at risk of shorting. Ensure traces are sufficiently covered to protect the trace and ensure it remains sealed by the solder mask film.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE4NjIyNDk4LUhRREZNIFNvbGRlciBtYXNrLXRvLXRyYWNlIHNwYWNpbmcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 410px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Solder mask-to-trace spacing illustration - HQDFM<h3 id="isPasted">Through-hole Spacing</h3>Whether soldered manually or automated, through-hole leads need to be reachable, be it by a soldering iron, wave, lead clippers, etc. Therefore the area around them must be void of obstacles such as tall components and other leads. Insufficient adjacent and overhead clearance could result in tricky soldering positions and accidental melting of other components or oneself.&nbsp;Lower on the ground, leads of adjacent through-hole parts should be far enough to prevent solder bridges. For through-hole parts, solder mask dams are a must, which can be achieved by reducing the diameter of pads or shaving material off the edges.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDE4NjU2MTE0LUhRREZNIFNwYWNpbmctaGVpZ2h0IHJhdGlvLnBuZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 399px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Spacing/height ratio - HQDFM<h3 id="isPasted">Wave Soldering Considerations</h3>Wave soldering’s main advantage is the ability to solder through-hole parts in volume but comes at a cost. Layout engineers have a whole host of extra restrictions to compete with, limiting placement options and possibly ruling out higher-density designs. In addition to leaving extra space between parts, engineers have to constantly consider the direction of the incoming wave, shadowing effects and the use of glue or fixtures for mixed assembly.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzExMDIxNTkxMzU1LVdhdmUgc29sZGVyaW5nIHBhbGxldCBhbmQgYm9hcmQgd2l0aCByZWQgZ2x1ZSBkb3RzLnBuZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 768px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Wave soldering fixture with gaps for through-hole leads and mixed assembly board with red glue dotsAs we have explored, the consequences of something as simple as component spacing can have grave consequences, but as the DFM mantra goes, it’s better to be safe than sorry. Experienced layout engineers and beginners should make it part of their workflow to pay special attention to spacings and use tools such as HQDFM to accelerate mundane tasks and act as a safety net.HQDFM is a free PCB design analysis software covering bare board and populated PCB analysis. With over 200 inspection items under 30 DFM and DFA categories including trace, solder mask and drill clearances, pads dimensions, shorts/opens, drill hole sizes and solder mask dams. HQDFM also provides tools for the designing and manufacturing PCBs including an impedance calculator, panelization tool, footprint, BOM and centroid file checker.Transform your workflow and swiftly integrate DFM methodologies into your product development with the <a href="https://www.nextpcb.com/free-online-gerber-viewer.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HQDFM</a> desktop suite from HQ Electronics (NextPCB).<h2>References</h2><ol><li><a href="https://www.nextpcb.com/blog/consequences-of-insufficient-spacing-between-components-for-surface-mount-assembly" target="_blank" id="isPasted">Consequences of insufficient spacing between components for surface mount assembly (nextpcb.com)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nextpcb.com/blog/what-is-dfa-in-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly" target="_blank" id="isPasted">What is DFA in Design for Manufacturing and Assembly? (nextpcb.com)</a></li></ol>

Adequate component spacing is typically not high on the PCB designer's list of priorities, but oversights can be frustrating and could demand substantial re-work. Here we look at an example, give general guidelines and look at how tools can be used to educate designers and save time.

Consequences of Insufficient Component Spacing in PCB Design: A Case Study

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A microvia connects layers in HDI substrates and PCBs, enabling high input/output density in advanced packages.  This article delves into the role and significance of microvias in modern electronics, exploring their impact on device miniaturization and functionality.

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