Digital platforms have profoundly transformed the design process for cobot motor drives, enabling engineers to streamline workflows, enhance precision, and rapidly adapt to the evolving demands of the industrial landscape.

Streamlining Cobot Design with Digital Platforms and Online Resources

IntroductionBoard-mounted DC/DC converters can now be rated in kW, and even with high-efficiency levels, they dissipate significant power. Cross-coupling of heat from loads and other components in close proximity means that prediction of the DC/DC internal temperature rise is challenging. This article discusses some hardware and software tools available to make the systems designer&rsquo;s task easier, using <a href="https://flexpowermodules.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Flex Power Modules</a> as an example.&nbsp;Demands of DC/DC convertersBack in the day, board-mounted DC/DC converters for supply rails in digital systems were so large for their rated power that they were derogatorily called &lsquo;bricks&rsquo;. It was a bit unfair, as they were never as big as even the smaller building bricks, but they certainly took up substantial, valuable board space. One of the main reasons for their size was the need to provide sufficient surface area for cooling, which often relied on convection or incidental system airflow. Over the years, improved efficiency and consequent lower losses have eased the situation, allowing smaller parts, but at the same time, load power demanded has increased dramatically, particularly in typical data center applications, with the emergence of &lsquo;the cloud&rsquo;, AI, and high-performance computing.&nbsp;Additionally, as voltages drop and currents increase, converters need to be fitted ever closer to their loads to avoid voltage and power loss in connections, and this has made size more of an issue with sometimes thousands of CPU connections having to mix in with the power traces. At the same time, this puts the converter in a hotter environment. When the load was 100 W, and the DC/DC dissipated 15 W a few inches away, they could be cooled separately and thermal interactions largely neglected, but when the figures are more like 1 kW and 50 W with little physical separation, the DC/DC and load must be treated as thermally inter-dependent.&nbsp;DC/DC and load must be considered as one thermal systemTaking the DC/DC and load together, cooling can be achieved in a combination of ways, from simple air convection to cold walls and fluid immersion, but typically, forced air is common for cost sensitive commercial and industrial applications. However, there is often no space for a heatsink to be attached to the DC/DC, so the surface from which heat is removed by airflow is limited. It&rsquo;s therefore, common to rely on heat transfer through the converter pins to the circuit board, which anyway has wide copper traces to cope with the high currents typically seen. The air flow then transfers heat from the DC/DC and the surface of the PCB, which itself could also be heated by other components.Things might be relatively simple if heat dissipation in the load and power converters were constant, but modern data processing systems &lsquo;throttle back&rsquo; and accelerate tasks to make efficient use of processing capability and minimize average power draw. Voltage rails are &lsquo;dynamically scaled&rsquo; to achieve this, so DC/DCs not only see wide variation in loads but also other operating conditions &ndash; input and output voltages and air temperature.&nbsp;These variations in turn, affect the converter efficiency, changing heat levels to be dissipated. In the most &lsquo;finely tuned&rsquo; systems, peak loads are not expected to be thermally sustainable over longer periods without exceeding maximum component internal temperatures, so both the load and DC/DC are typically characterized with a continuous and peak load rating, which has to be carefully monitored so as not to exceed critical temperatures. Flex Power Modules&rsquo; <a href="https://flexpowermodules.com/products/bmr491" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">BMR491 series</a> (Figure 1) is an example of a product rated at 1540&nbsp;W as a thermal limit, but at 2450&nbsp;W peak for a limited time, depending on starting temperature.&nbsp;<img border="0" width="340" src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjg2MDgxNzUwNjEwLTE2ODYwODE3NTA2MTAuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Figure 1: A DC/DC with high peak to continuous power rating &ndash; the BMR491Simulation is the way forwardUnderstandably, with all the interacting variables, traditional analytical methods to predict critical temperatures in components are not practical and simulation is the way forward.For accurate results, electrical and thermal characteristics of the DC/DC converter must be known and this is provided by the <a href="http://www.flexpowermodules.com/flex-power-designer" target="_blank">Flex Power Designer</a> tool for the company&rsquo;s DC/DCs.&nbsp;The software allows a system to be configured from drop-down selections and will calculate individual device and system efficiency, power dissipated and hot-spot temperature from user-specified conditions. Particularly, airflow rate can be defined along with air temperature, PCB thickness, copper coverage and its maximum allowed temperature, which will often be a limiting factor. See example screenshot Figure 2. The tool takes account of the way the device efficiency changes at different temperatures from established test data and will update results &lsquo;on-the-fly&rsquo;.<img border="0" width="567" src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjg2MDgxNzUwNjQyLTE2ODYwODE3NTA2NDIuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Figure 2: Example screenshot of the Flex Power Designer Tool showing, in this case, DC/DC module hot-spot temperature v. air flow rate&nbsp;&nbsp;Seeing capability in 3DWhile the simulation tool shows actual results under specified conditions, the data sheets also provide traditional power derating graphs, for example with air temperature and flow rate. For this, assumptions must be made about the size and characteristics of any attached heatsink and PCB as well as air flow direction. For a more accurate indication, Flex Power Modules takes this a step further with &lsquo;3D&rsquo; representations of derating with specified baseplate and pin temperatures (Figure 3). From qualification data, Flex Power Modules has also accurately characterized their parts for the relationship between these interacting hot-spots and maximum allowable junction temperatures, so that users can be confident that if these values are not exceeded at the given power, maximum utilization of the part without undue stress is achieved.<img border="0" width="529" src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjg2MDgxNzUwNjYyLTE2ODYwODE3NTA2NjIuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Figure 3: A typical 3D derating graph, for a device within their BMR491 seriesIntegrating DC/DC thermal simulation with other componentsAlthough DC/DCs might be a major source of heat on a PCB, there will be other components contributing as well, not least those acting as loads on the converter. Their total interaction can be simulated in programs such as FloTherm. Flex Power Modules offers CAD models for their DC/DCs in STEP format, which can be imported into FloTherm through the FloEDA bridge for a full system thermal simulation. The models are finely detailed to include the heat contributing elements and the characteristics of each DC/DC PCB layer, including dielectric and vias. Flex Power Modules provides the power dissipated for each source of heat under various operating conditions and defines the temperature monitor points. As a check, the DC/DC FloTherm model is calibrated against wind-tunnel tests such that simulated temperature rises are typically within 2&deg;C of the measured values.Peak load effectsMany of Flex Power Modules&rsquo; DC/DCs have a peak load capability, for example their <a href="https://flexpowermodules.com/products/bmr313" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">BMR313 series</a>, rated at 1 kW continuous and 3 kW peak. With a short transient load, the junction temperature of the device is allowed to reach its maximum rated, typically 150&deg;C or 175&deg;C, and the duration allowed is set by the local thermal capacitance of the power devices. The tools available to avoid device stress are based around local temperature sensors and current measurements, depending on the peak load value. For example, with the, an overload of 3.4 kW or higher causes a fast hardware shutdown within a few microseconds with a &lsquo;HW_FAULT&rsquo; signal generated. Above 2.6 kW, a slower hardware timed shutdown operates within one or two milliseconds with an &lsquo;OC-FAULT&rsquo; signal. Up to 1.8 kW, the shutdown is temperature based, with an alert signal generated on a dedicated pin, requesting the load to reduce power if possible.&nbsp;Figure 4&nbsp;shows the levels and timings.<img border="0" width="416" src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjg2MDgxNzUwNjgxLTE2ODYwODE3NTA2ODEuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" class="fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 758px;">Figure 4: The BMR313 continuous, peak and transient peak protection schemeThe actual junction temperatures reached during peak power events depends naturally on the starting point, and maximum power available with safe operation can be achieved by estimating temperature from current levels and known device characteristics. This is implemented in the&nbsp;<a href="https://flexpowermodules.com/products/bmr350" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">BMR350</a>&nbsp;product for example, where current is monitored monitored<ins cite="mailto:jess%20miley" datetime="2023-06-06T21:45" style="background-color: transparent;">,</ins>&nbsp;and the signal filtered with an &lsquo;Exponential Moving Average&rsquo; (EMA) method. This can be extended with a &lsquo;dual EMA&rsquo; scheme with different weightings to additionally emulate the effects of varying cool-down periods between peak load pulses.&nbsp;A comprehensive set of design tools for maximum performance and minimum stressThe combination of <a href="https://flexpowermodules.com/flex-power-designer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Flex Power Designer</a> software, FloTherm models and hardware protection provides a tool set enabling rapid and efficient design, modelling, and monitoring of complex power conversion systems. Choosing modules from the Flex Power Modules range, thermal performance can be optimized at the DC/DC and system level for minimum stress while achieving maximum power density and value. Visit <a href="https://flexpowermodules.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Flex Power Modules</a> to explore the products and design tools available.

Meeting the challenges of thermal design for DC/DC converters with the right combination of hardware and software.

Thermal Design Tools for System Integration of DCDC Converters

This is the sixth article in an 8-part series featuring articles on Innovations in Electric and Autonomous Vehicles. The series presents an insight into the developments and challenges in the automotive sector as it undergoes massive transformations with the arrival of electric and self-driving vehicles. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.The cost of Li-ion, the leading electric vehicle (EV) battery chemistry technology, will soon settle at a mature market value due to market dominance.[1] With that, there is an opportunity for alternate chemistry innovation to gain a share of the battery segment. One such chemistry, solid-state batteries, is poised to emerge as the leading chemistry for EV batteries.In this article, we present a comparison between the commonly used Li-ion batteries and the (relatively) new solid-state batteries for EVs. We also analyze some barriers preventing the mass adoption of the new battery technology.<h1 dir="ltr">Li-ion vs. Solid-State Electrolytes for Battery Electric Vehicles</h1>Li-ion is still leading the market for liquid-state electrolytes. But Li-ion is not without challenges: The chemistry carries higher costs as skyrocketing demand outstrips supply. In addition, there is an opportunity to improve the top safety concern of flammable liquid catching fire. Safety is one of the most critical success criteria for EVs to inspire public confidence, so the industry and safety regulators are searching for how to reduce the flammability risk.Solid-state batteries (using lithium metal as one of its elements) address the most pressing safety challenges of Li-ion. They are more stable and contain a higher energy density than Li-ion. In addition, solid-state comes from readily available materials, which reduces the need to mine. It also offers lower flammability, faster charging, and extended range.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc2MTMzMzE1MDgzLTE2NzYxMzMzMTUwODMucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="288" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 1: Li-ion vs. Solid State BatteriesBarriers to the Wide-Scale Adoption of Solid-state Electrolytes for Electric VehiclesWith the advantages of safety, charge time, performance, and availability, solid-state is the future of EV batteries. However, there remain a few barriers to wide-scale adoption for battery developers.&nbsp;First, solid-state batteries will carry a higher development cost due to a lack of existing capital to produce mass quantities.There are also gaps in the solid lithium electrolyte material that degrade battery performance and service life when implemented into Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs).&nbsp;In addition, solid-state batteries are prone to cracking, and it is best to charge them at 60&deg;C for optimal performance.Solid-state EV batteries are not yet mass-produced. As with any development material, optimizing the manufacturing process to scale profitably is essential. As a result, manufacturing challenges through the lack of experience with solid electrolyte materials would substantially delay wide-scale adoption. In addition, these challenges could shut down the EV battery plant, negatively impacting the public&#39;s first interaction with the new battery chemistry.To address development costs, automakers could vertically integrate to cut development costs and decrease supply risks, creating resiliency between original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the face of supply shortages. Their goal is to find a better solution for Li-ion batteries while reducing solid-state manufacturing costs.Having said that, OEMs are already shifting development to solid-state, given all their benefits. Adoption has already started: Toyota announced it will invest $13.5 billion by 2030 into solid-state batteries, and a group including Volkswagen, Ford, and BMW announced solid-state initiatives in the coming years.[2]<h1 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h1>Solid-state batteries address the flammability safety concerns with liquid-state batteries, charge faster, and provide a more extended driving range. Commissioning the capital and ramping supply of the batteries will aid the transition from liquid- to solid-state, preparing EVs for long-term success and massive consumer adoption.This article is based on an e-book by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It&#39;s the sixth article from the Innovations in Electric and Autonomous Vehicles Series. Future articles will introduce readers to some more trends and technologies transforming the automotive sector.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/innovations-in-electric-and-autonomous-vehicles" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;presented the different topics covered in the Innovations in Electric and Autonomous Vehicles Series.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/autonomous-and-electric-vehicles-the-future-of-mobility/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;discussed the present state of autonomous vehicles.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/cutting-down-emissions-with-mobility-as-a-service/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;explains MaaS and how improvements in automotive technologies are speeding up its adoption.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/a-deep-dive-into-the-new-v2x-and-cellular-v2x-architectures-based-on-5g/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at how the 3GPP intends to use 5G in V2X applications with significant advantages over current dedicated short-range communication or other Cellular-V2X proposals.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/driver-monitoring-systems-for-ensuring-driver-alertness/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) and their role in reducing the possibility of mishaps due to human errorsThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-state-of-electric-vehicles-in-2023-trends-in-the-development-and-adoption-of-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;examines some of the ways EV technologies will evolve, and some of the obstacles they need to overcome before the automotive industry can transition to fully electricThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/solid-state-vs-li-ion-which-battery-tech-is-better-for-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses solid-state batteries, a promising alternative to conventional Li-ion batteriesThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/active-noise-cancellation-in-electric-and-autonomous-vehicles/" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains active noise cancellation and why it&rsquo;s a very effective solution for eliminating noises in automobilesThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/next-generation-vehicles-need-safe-human-machine-interfaces/" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;focuses on Human Machine Interfaces, the sleek and stylish dashboards that are changing the way we interact with cars<h1 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h1>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,200 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc2MTMzMzM3OTk1LWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><h1 dir="ltr">References</h1>[1] David L. Chandler, &lsquo;The reasons behind lithium-ion batteries&rsquo; rapid cost decline&rsquo;, MIT News, 22nd November 2021, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2021/lithium-ion-battery-cost-1122" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2021/lithium-ion-battery-cost-1122</a>[2] Tim Kelly, &lsquo;Toyota to spend $13.5 bln to develop electric vehicle battery tech by 2030&rsquo;, Reuters, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/toyota-spend-over-135-bln-ev-batteries-by-2030-2021-09-07/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/toyota-spend-over-135-bln-ev-batteries-by-2030-2021-09-07/</a>

Article #6 of Innovations in Electric and Autonomous Vehicles Series: Getting the capital equipment in place and ramping up the supply of batteries will help transition the market from liquid- to solid-state. Industry and consumers will both benefit.

Solid-State vs. Li-ion: Which Battery Tech is better for Electric Vehicles?

More than 20 years ago, a team set out to solve a problem: How do we reduce power loss and help reduce MOSFET size at the same time? LFPAK was the answer - and it changed everything.  

A story of innovation: How LFPAK revolutionized an industry.

This is the final article in an 8-part series featuring articles on Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations. The series focuses on power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.One of the biggest hurdles in increasing the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices today is battery life. IoT devices running out of juice frequently is not only annoying for users but can have devastating effects in industrial space. As research continues to improve the charge-holding capacity of batteries, power converters must also evolve to optimize the use of all the available energy.This article presents a specific IoT power management solution for small, portable gadgets while also reviewing its shortcomings. We then introduce a nano-Power boost converter that overcomes these shortcomings while ‘operating on fumes’ down to minimal amounts of residual battery energy.<h2 dir="ltr">Typical Power Solution for Small IoT Products</h2>To understand the power needs of a typical small IoT product, let’s consider the example of a wearable heart monitoring patch. A wearable heart monitoring patch is a tiny device that must last for a long time; hence minimization of the size and power dissipation is crucial.&nbsp;Such devices can be powered by a 100mAh alkaline button cell and can consume around 100µA in operation. In such a scenario, the device may last three weeks. On the other hand, in shutdown mode, the device may need to last up to three years, which requires a leakage current of 4µA or less. A typical voltage regulator, with a leakage current of 0.2µA and a total quiescent current of 10µA, could rob 1.8 months from the device’s shelf life and two days of operation.&nbsp;<iframe id="655f42a06c848cd841ea922a" width="250" class="specs-iframe" height="440" src="https://wevolver.com/iframe/specs/digi-xbee-3-global-lte-m-nb-iot-development-kit?iframe=true" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe>Maintaining high efficiency and small size both together is a &nbsp;challenging requirement. Increasing the frequency of operation reduces the size of passives while increasing losses, thereby reducing efficiency. The proliferation of portable IoT devices creates a need for multiple customized versions of voltage regulators, especially concerning output voltage and current specifications. Accordingly, an IoT device manufacturer may get forced to maintain a sizeable and costly inventory of different regulators and the passives required to support them.<h2 dir="ltr">A State-of-the-Art Solution for Powering Small IoT Products</h2>The ideal solution to power small IoT devices is a voltage regulator that addresses these shortcomings. Let’s take a look at <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max17220-max17225-converters/" target="_blank">Analog Devices MAX17222 nanoPower synchronous boost converter</a> and understand how a power converter contributes to energy and space-saving in small IoT devices.&nbsp;MAX17222 offers a 0.4V to 5.5V input range, a 0.5A peak inductor current limit, and an output voltage selectable using a single standard 1% resistor. A novel True Shutdown™ mode yields leakage currents in the nanoampere (nA) range, making this a genuinely nanoPower device! The essential elements of the MAX17222 concerning shutdown and quiescent currents are shown in Fig. 2 below.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjczNTEwNDM0LTE2NjY2NzM1MTA0MzQucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 2: MAX17222 shutdown and quiescent currents. Source: Analog DevicesThe True Shutdown feature disconnects the output from the input with no forward or reverse current, resulting in a very low leakage current. The reduction in shelf life we calculated for the specific solution is 1.8 months out of 3 years for a 100mAh cell. With 0.5nA leakage current, the shelf life for the same cell over three years gets reduced by only 3 hours!If a pull-up resistor is employed to enable/disable operation, the pull-up current in True Shutdown mode must also get accounted for. If the enable (EN) pin gets driven by a push-pull external driver powered by a different supply, then there is no pull-up current, and the shutdown current is only 0.5nA.<h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">The Quiescent Current Advantage</h3>The input quiescent current (IQINT) for MAX17222 is 0.5nA (Enable open after startup), and the output quiescent current (IQOUT) is 300nA as shown in fig. 3. The additional input current needed to feed the output current (I&gt;QOUT_IN) must be added to IQINT to calculate the total input quiescent current. Since the output power is related to the input power by the efficiency (POUT = PIN × η), it follows that:IQOUT_IN = IQOUT × (VOUT/VIN)/ηIf VIN = 1.5V, VOUT = 3V and efficiency η = 85%, we have:IQOUT_IN = 300nA × (3/1.5)/0.85 = 705.88nAOne adds the 705.88nA to the input current of 0.5nA yields a total input quiescent current of 706.38nA (IQINGT). This calculation is fourteen times better than the typical case previously discussed. With 0.7µA of quiescent current, the two days of reduced operation calculated for the specific solution becomes only three and a half hours.<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-nhPd19evC8?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> <h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Enable Transient Protection Mode</h3>The MAX17222 includes an option to Enable Transient Protection (ETP) mode. When activated by the presence of a pull-up resistor, extra on-chip circuitry powered by the output capacitor assures that EN stays high during short transient disturbances at the input. This feature is essential to prevent the device from shutting down unintentionally during short transients. When the device operates in ETP mode, the quiescent current calculated above increases by a few tens of nanoamps.<h3 dir="ltr">The RSEL&nbsp;Advantage</h3>The MAX17222 trades off the traditional resistor-divider used to set the output voltage value with a single output selection resistor (RSEL) (Fig. 3). The chip uses up to 200μA to read the RSEL value at startup. This occurs only during the select resistor detection time (typically 600µs), virtually eliminating the continuous contribution of RSEL to the quiescent current.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjczNzkzMDE3LTE2NjY2NzM3OTMwMTcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Maxim Integrated (Analog Devices) MAX17220 - MAX17225 DC-DC Converters. Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max17220-max17225-converters/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>A single standard 1% resistor sets one of the 33 different output voltages, separated by 100mV increments between 1.8V and 5V. The result is a slight reduction in the Bill Of Materials (BOM) (as the design has one less resistor compared to the conventionally used potential-divider circuit) and a lower quiescent current.<h3 dir="ltr">The Efficiency Advantage</h3>The MAX17222 features low RDSON, on-board powertrain Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) transistors to yield excellent efficiency even when operating at frequencies high enough to warrant a small overall PCB size. The low quiescent current design extends the outstanding efficiency performance down to a few microamps of load current. Fig. 4 shows the efficiency curves for the MAX17222 for varying load currents at different input voltages.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjczOTcwODczLTE2NjY2NzM5NzA4NzMucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 4: MAX17222 efficiency curves, with VOUT = 3.3V at various values for VIN. Source: Analog Devices<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>The IoT market has generated an explosion of small, wirelessly connected, battery-operated devices. These devices continue to lower the power loss boundaries for operation (efficiency) and shutdown (leakage current). As battery technologies continue to evolve and get better at holding charge, advancements in power electronics must go hand in hand to meet the growing needs of miniature IoT devices.&nbsp;For small IoT product development, engineers can use power converters such as Analog Devices <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max17220-max17225-converters/" target="_blank">MAX17222</a> ultra-low quiescent current, high-efficiency synchronous buck converter to significantly increases IoT devices’ shelf and operation life.This article is based on an<a href="https://www.mouser.com/ebooks/Power-Management-for-all-of-Tomorrows-Innovations" target="_blank">&nbsp;e-book</a> by Mouser and Analog Devices. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the final article from the Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series.<hr>The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;covered the fundamentals of power electronics, the technology behind highly-efficient power conversion in different electrical/electronic systems.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/finding-the-sweet-spot-for-flyback-converters-in-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">first article</a> shares some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs. It covers how manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ultralow-noise-switching-power-supplies-for-reduced-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;introduced readers to silent switching and how it prevents EMI at the source, rather than adding shields and filters to the product later.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/current-sensing-with-digital-power-systems-managers" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;describes current measurement techniques using LTC297x series components by Analog Devices. It presents some application circuits and compares different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/selecting-the-best-power-solution-for-radio-frequency-signal-chain-phase-noise-performance" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;discussed the problems associated with phase noise and experimentally showcased how power supply designs can be optimized to deal with them.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/extending-the-battery-life-of-hearables-and-wearables-with-single-inductor-multiple-output-switching-architecture" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;featured Single-Inductor Multiple-Output architecture that integrates different power supply functionalities to drastically reduce the overall size and costs for wearables.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/building-power-and-protection-circuits-for-vehicle-asset-tracking-devices" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;describes how vehicular asset-tracking devices are powered with small, efficient power solutions and protected from electrical stresses.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-supply-subsystems-for-remote-patient-vital-sign-monitoring" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains how designers can implement and validate proven power supply circuits for enabling the reliable operation of healthcare devices.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/nano-power-converters-for-extending-the-battery-life-of-small-iot-products" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;dealt with a specific IoT power management solution for small, and portable gadgets. It showcases a nano-Power boost converter that ‘operates on fumes’ to make the most out of all the available energy.<hr><h2 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h2>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjczOTcwNTk2LTE2NjY2NzM5NzA1OTYucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="91" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Make Your IoT Device Last Longer with a nanoPower Boost Converter Maxim Integrated (Analog Devices) and Mouser Electronics, [Online] , Available from:<a data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" href="https://www.mouser.com/pdfDocs/ds37-make-your-iot-device-last-longer-with-a-nanopower-boost-converter.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/pdfDocs/ds37-make-your-iot-device-last-longer-with-a-nanopower-boost-converter.pdf</a>

Article #8 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: Power electronics converters with an efficiency of up to 95% and very low quiescent current can make the Internet of Things devices last for months together.

Nano Power Converters for Extending the Battery Life of Small IoT products

Article #7 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: Power supplies utilized in the medical industry must be compact, reliable, long-lasting, and robust.

Power Supply Subsystems for Remote Patient Vital Sign Monitoring

This is the sixth article in an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">8-part series</a>&nbsp;featuring articles on Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations. The series focuses on power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.Vehicular asset tracking is an essential part of fleet management, providing a way to know the exact location of physical assets around the clock. The three main benefits of asset tracking are cost savings, theft protection, and preventative maintenance.&nbsp;This article describes how to power asset-tracking devices with small, efficient power solutions and protect them from electrical stresses in a vehicular environment adequately.<h2 dir="ltr">Power Requirements for Vehicular Asset-Tracking Devices</h2>Vehicular asset-tracking/fleet-management devices are powered by the vehicle battery, typically 12V in cars and 24V &nbsp;in many trucks. As an aftermarket add-on, they face a much harsher power management environment than a well-bounded OEM device.&nbsp;Most devices also have a rechargeable battery, typically 3.6V, intended to last two or three days when the main battery power is lost. The primary battery source protects the front-end electronics against transient and fault conditions. The protected voltage gets converted to usable, &nbsp;lower voltages (5V, 3.3V, 2.5V, or 1.2V) by step-down &nbsp;DC-DC converters and Low Dropout Regulators (LDOs) to power various digital logic and analog Integrated Circuits (ICs). Fig. 1 shows the architecture of a typical power system for asset-tracking/fleet-management devices.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE3NDYzMzI1LTE2NjY2MTc0NjMzMjUucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="737" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 1: Typical asset-tracking/fleet-management power architecture. Source: Analog Devices<h2 dir="ltr">Powering the Device with Modern DC-DC Regulators</h2>Asset-tracking/fleet-management devices must be physically small to fit in small places. In such a small area, reducing heat dissipation in a device to keep its temperature within range is challenging. Fitting the power circuit into a small space requires highly efficient integration.&nbsp;Modern DC-DC regulator power solutions that effectively integrate the power MOSFETs, compensation circuits, and other external components help reduce overall circuit size. Combining the small solution size with the efficient synchronous rectification technology helps reduce power dissipation.One might consider employing LDOs here for small size since LDOs are generally low cost and very simple to use, but they have high power dissipation if used directly from the primary battery voltage, which is the main drawback. Dissipating this power in a small asset-tracking device may be impractical and may cause device overheating. Hence, a solution that meets both size and power dissipation requirements is preferred.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Protecting the Device from Faults</h2>Electronic components can occasionally encounter faults. Short-circuit and overcurrent protection circuitry is essential for preventing fire hazards and isolating the power cable from a failed-short device.When the ambient temperature becomes excessive or if there is an overcurrent or some other fault, the overtemperature protection prevents permanent damage by either scaling down the power or shutting down the device completely. Overtemperature protection prevents system overheating and fire hazards. It also ensures that the system operates within its defined temperature limits.Reverse voltage faults occur when the battery gets connected in reverse or the power cable is installed backward. While unlikely to happen, reverse voltage faults usually cause extensive damage to the power cables and electronic devices connected to the cable without proper reverse voltage protection.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Electronic Solutions by Analog Devices for Powering and Protecting the Vehicular Asset-Tracking Devices</h2>To increase integration and reduce the physical size of the power supply, <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-himalaya-uslic-power-modules/" target="_blank">Himalaya uSLIC&trade; power modules</a> by Maxim Integrated (a part of Analog Devices) integrate the power inductor and other discrete components with the DC-DC regulator. These easy-to-use, easy-to-design, and quick-time-to-market power module solutions only require an input capacitor, an output capacitor, and an optional soft-start setting capacitor to complete the power solution.&nbsp;The micro-sized system-level Integrated Circuit (uSLIC&trade;) family employs advanced packaging technology to minimize the module footprint. For example, the modules fit a 60V, 300mA power solution into a tiny, 2.6mm x 3mm x 1.5mm power module. This highly efficient synchronous DC-DC buck power module also minimizes heat dissipation in end equipment. The MAXM15062 has a fixed 3.3V output, while the MAXM15063 &nbsp;is similar but with a fixed 5V output. We employ these two modules to power our example asset-tracking/fleet-management device shown in Fig. 4.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE3NDYxNDgzLTE2NjY2MTc0NjE0ODMucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 2: Maxim Integrated MAX15062 Synchronous Step-Down Converters. Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max15062-converter/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>The MAXM15062/MAXM1563 uSLIC&trade; power module fits the bill here. Total power dissipation employing the uSLIC&trade; power modules provides an 18x power dissipation reduction compared to the LDOs solution. Low power dissipation also means lower system operating temperature and higher long-term reliability.For protecting the asset-tracking device, <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max17608-09-10-protectors/" target="_blank">Analog Devices AX17608 60V/1A current limiter</a> is a highly integrated IC that packs all necessary protections into a single, tiny 3mm x 3mm, 12-pin TDFN package.&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE3NDYxNTMxLTE2NjY2MTc0NjE1MzEucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 3: Maxim Integrated MAX17608, MAX17609, &amp; MAX17610 Current Limiters. Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max17608-09-10-protectors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>Some features of the MAX17608 are:<ul><li dir="ltr">High input voltage tolerance (+4.5V to +60V operating range)</li><li dir="ltr">Reverse voltage protection (tolerates -60V negative input voltage)</li><li dir="ltr">Reverse current protection</li><li dir="ltr">Short-circuit overcurrent protection</li><li dir="ltr">Adjustable OVLO, UVLO, startup current, and forward current limit</li><li dir="ltr">Overtemperature protection</li></ul><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE3NDYzMTcwLTE2NjY2MTc0NjMxNzAucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 4: An asset-tracking device, powered by the MAX17608 protection IC and MAXM15062 and MAXM15063 &nbsp;uSLIC&trade; ICs. Source: Analog Devices<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Vehicular asset-tracking/fleet-management devices are designed to operate from the vehicle&rsquo;s 12V/24V battery system and must fit in small places. They must be robust against transient conditions, including overvoltage, overcurrent, reverse voltage, reverse current, and overtemperature.&nbsp;Highly integrated and efficient uSLIC power modules ensure fit, mitigate thermal dissipation challenges, and enhance the long-term reliability of the device. Highly integrated protection ICs, on the other hand, provide all the necessary protections mentioned above and simplify the design over discrete solutions.&nbsp;This article is based on an <a href="https://www.mouser.com/ebooks/Power-Management-for-all-of-Tomorrows-Innovations" target="_blank">e-book</a> by Mouser and Maxim Integrated (a part of Analog Devices). It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It&#39;s the sixth article from the Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations Series. Future articles will introduce readers to some more power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems.<hr id="isPasted">The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;covered the fundamentals of power electronics, the technology behind highly-efficient power conversion in different electrical/electronic systems.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/finding-the-sweet-spot-for-flyback-converters-in-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">first article</a> shares some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs. It covers how manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ultralow-noise-switching-power-supplies-for-reduced-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;introduced readers to silent switching and how it prevents EMI at the source, rather than adding shields and filters to the product later.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/current-sensing-with-digital-power-systems-managers" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;describes current measurement techniques using LTC297x series components by Analog Devices. It presents some application circuits and compares different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/selecting-the-best-power-solution-for-radio-frequency-signal-chain-phase-noise-performance" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;discussed the problems associated with phase noise and experimentally showcased how power supply designs can be optimized to deal with them.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/extending-the-battery-life-of-hearables-and-wearables-with-single-inductor-multiple-output-switching-architecture" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;featured Single-Inductor Multiple-Output architecture that integrates different power supply functionalities to drastically reduce the overall size and costs for wearables.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/building-power-and-protection-circuits-for-vehicle-asset-tracking-devices" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;describes how vehicular asset-tracking devices are powered with small, efficient power solutions and protected from electrical stresses.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-supply-subsystems-for-remote-patient-vital-sign-monitoring" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains how designers can implement and validate proven power supply circuits for enabling the reliable operation of healthcare devices.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/nano-power-converters-for-extending-the-battery-life-of-small-iot-products" id="isPasted" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;dealt with a specific IoT power management solution for small, and portable gadgets. It showcases a nano-Power boost converter that &lsquo;operates on fumes&rsquo; to make the most out of all the available energy.<hr><h2 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h2>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE3NDYxNTc4LTE2NjY2MTc0NjE1NzgucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="91" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Protect and Power Vehicular Asset-Tracking Devices - Application Notes, Maxim Integrated, [Online], Available from:<a data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" href="https://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com/en/an/an7122-protect-and-power-vehicular-asset-tacking-devices.pdf" target="_blank">https://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com/en/an/an7122-protect-and-power-vehicular-asset-tacking-devices.pdf</a>

Article #6 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: Power supplies for vehicle asset-tracking devices must be designed to operate at different voltage-current levels, be compact, and offer protection during transients and electrical faults.

Building Power and Protection Circuits for Vehicle Asset-Tracking Devices

This is the fifth article in an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">8-part series</a>&nbsp;featuring articles on Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations. The series focuses on power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.It is not convenient to have to stop and recharge your earbuds when you are on a long hike or working out. It is expected that hearables, wearables, and other tiny, battery-powered electronic devices will perform reliably for prolonged periods of time. From a design standpoint, these user expectations are a tall order to meet.&nbsp;The form factor constraints dictate the need for a small Lithium-ion battery, which must last a long time between charge cycles and be utilized sparingly. Power supplies, in turn, must meet the distinct and diverse voltage requirements of the sub-systems within the design. In this article, we explain the Single-Inductor Multiple-Output (SIMO) architecture that provides an optimal solution for these systems, integrating functionality that would otherwise require multiple discrete components. We discuss how this architecture significantly reduces the overall product size and the associated costs.<h2 dir="ltr">SIMO Architecture Overview</h2>In a traditional switching-regulator topology, each switching regulator needs a separate inductor since each voltage rail must be serviced by an individual inductor as shown in fig. 1. The inductors are physically large and costly, creating a limitation for small form factor products.&nbsp;Linear regulators offer another option&mdash;they are fast, compact, produce low noise, but are also lossy. There&rsquo;s also a hybrid alternative of using multiple Low-Dropout Regulators (LDOs), in conjunction with DC-DC converters. However, while this configuration would result in intermediate power and heat dissipation, it still yields a larger design than LDOs alone.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE2Mzg0OTQwLTE2NjY2MTYzODQ5NDAucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 1: Traditional architecture of a buck-boost switching regulator. Source: Analog DevicesThe featured buck-boost SIMO converter can regulate up to 3 output voltages over wide output voltage ranges using a single inductor. The buck-boost topology helps to better utilize the inductor since it requires less time to service each channel as compared to a buck-only SIMO. The weakness of a buck-only SIMO is magnified as one or more output voltages approach the input voltage. A buck-only SIMO will suffer when an output voltage approaches the battery voltage. Currently, a buck-only SIMO requires the inductor for too much time, which impacts other channels.Sometimes, an inductor cannot be avoided in the system. Even though they are small, an LDO can never provide a boost feature by itself. Since the SIMO requires only one inductor, solutions that require at least one boost voltage are almost always better with a buck-boost SIMO. Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of the SIMO architecture.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE2Mzg0NzI2LTE2NjY2MTYzODQ3MjYucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 2: SIMO architecture block diagram. Source: Analog DevicesThe inductor saturation current (Isat), a measure of the inductance drops to a certain percentage that corresponds to a particular electrical current, is proportional to the inductor&rsquo;s core size for given core material and construction.&nbsp;Here are some advantages of using one inductor in a SIMO architecture compared to using separate DC-DC converters:<ul><li dir="ltr">Better Z-height</li><li dir="ltr">Cost savings</li><li dir="ltr">Footprint improvements</li><li dir="ltr">Uses time multiplexing</li><li dir="ltr">Lower RMS current rating for inductors</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Overcoming the Challenges with SIMO Architecture</h2>SIMO architecture provides a unique way to reduce the size, and costs of the power supply. However, the architecture comes with a few small tradeoffs that can be solved only with a thoughtful design approach.Using SIMO architecture results in an increase in the harmonic content of the supply system, which can have an impact on the overall power quality. The increase in harmonic content is due to the high output voltage ripple caused by a single inductor providing buckets of energy to alternate outputs.&nbsp;Also, as a SIMO is heavily loaded, it becomes time-limited and there can be a delay in servicing each channel, which can further increase output voltage ripple. Using larger output capacitors offsets these sources of output voltage ripple while maintaining a net footprint/Bill of Materials (BOM) advantage.<h2 dir="ltr">Ultra-Low Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) by Analog Devices for Extending the Battery Life of Low Power Devices</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max77650-max77651-pmics/" target="_blank">Analog Devices&rsquo; MAX77650/MAX77651 Ultra-Low PMICs</a> provide a careful balance of the battery life and performance while managing the tradeoffs associated with SIMO architecture. These PMICs were designed with micropower SIMO buck-boost DC-DC converters. An integrated 150mA LDO in the PMICs provides ripple rejection for noise-sensitive applications such as audio.&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE2Mzg0OTY3LTE2NjY2MTYzODQ5NjcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 3: Maxim Integrated MAX77650/MAX77651 Ultra-Low Power PMICs. Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/maxim-integrated/maxim-max77650-max77651-pmics/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>The SIMO converter utilizes the whole battery voltage range, as each output has the benefit of being a buck-boost configuration, which creates output voltages that are above, below, or equal to the input voltage. Since the peak inductor current for each output is programmable, you can optimize the balance between efficiency, output ripple, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design, and load capability.&nbsp;This way, SIMO architecture finds the optimal balance between low power consumption and form factor. Low power consumption can be very important for very small applications that are unable to dissipate much heat. Fig. 4 shows a comparision between DC-DC LDOs, Multiple DC-DC converters, and the SIMO-based MAX77650 in terms of dissipation and footprint (both values, the lower the better).<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE2NjY1NTA5LTIwIElNQUdFLTAxLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 4: The MAX77650 PMIC provides low heat dissipation and a small footprint for space-constrained, battery-powered devices such as hearables and wearables. Source: Analog DevicesThe SIMO control scheme in the MAX77650/MAX77651 involves a proprietary controller that ensures that all the outputs get serviced in a timely manner. If there aren&rsquo;t any regulators requiring service, the state machine simply rests in a low-power state.&nbsp;Once the controller recognizes that a regulator needs service, it charges the inductor until the peak current limit is reached. The SIMO architecture also offers a soft-start feature, which minimizes in-rush current.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>For hearables, wearables, and similarly small, battery-operated electronics, long battery life is essential for customer satisfaction. Compared to traditional buck-boost topologies, the SIMO architecture reduces component count and extends battery life.&nbsp;This article examined PMICs integrated with SIMO switching regulators that can be used by engineers for meeting the challenges of ultra-low-power and space-constrained applications.This article is based on an<a href="https://www.mouser.com/ebooks/Power-Management-for-all-of-Tomorrows-Innovations" target="_blank">&nbsp;e-book</a> by Mouser and Maxim Integrated (a part of Analog Devices). It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It&#39;s the fifth article from the Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations Series. Future articles will introduce readers to some more power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems.<hr id="isPasted">The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;covered the fundamentals of power electronics, the technology behind highly-efficient power conversion in different electrical/electronic systems.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/finding-the-sweet-spot-for-flyback-converters-in-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">first article</a> shares some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs. It covers how manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ultralow-noise-switching-power-supplies-for-reduced-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;introduced readers to silent switching and how it prevents EMI at the source, rather than adding shields and filters to the product later.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/current-sensing-with-digital-power-systems-managers" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;describes current measurement techniques using LTC297x series components by Analog Devices. It presents some application circuits and compares different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/selecting-the-best-power-solution-for-radio-frequency-signal-chain-phase-noise-performance" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;discussed the problems associated with phase noise and experimentally showcased how power supply designs can be optimized to deal with them.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/extending-the-battery-life-of-hearables-and-wearables-with-single-inductor-multiple-output-switching-architecture" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;featured Single-Inductor Multiple-Output architecture that integrates different power supply functionalities to drastically reduce the overall size and costs for wearables.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/building-power-and-protection-circuits-for-vehicle-asset-tracking-devices" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;describes how vehicular asset-tracking devices are powered with small, efficient power solutions and protected from electrical stresses.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-supply-subsystems-for-remote-patient-vital-sign-monitoring" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains how designers can implement and validate proven power supply circuits for enabling the reliable operation of healthcare devices.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/nano-power-converters-for-extending-the-battery-life-of-small-iot-products" id="isPasted" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;dealt with a specific IoT power management solution for small, and portable gadgets. It showcases a nano-Power boost converter that &lsquo;operates on fumes&rsquo; to make the most out of all the available energy.<hr><h2 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h2>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjE2MzgzNTA2LTE2NjY2MTYzODM1MDYucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Cary Delano, Gaurav Mital, &lsquo;SIMO Switching Regulators: Extending Battery Life for Hearables and Wearables&rsquo;, Maxim Integrated - Mouser, [Online], Available from:<a data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" href="https://www.mouser.com/pdfDocs/SIMO-switching-regulators-extending-battery-life-for-hearables-and-wearables.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/pdfDocs/SIMO-switching-regulators-extending-battery-life-for-hearables-and-wearables.pdf</a>[2] Mitchell Sternberg, Erkan Acar, David Ng, and Sydney Wells, &lsquo;How to Select the Best Power Solution for RF Signal Chain Phase Noise Performance&rsquo;, &nbsp;Analog Devices, [Online], Available from:<a href="https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/how-to-select-the-best-power-solution.html" target="_blank">https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/how-to-select-the-best-power-solution.html</a>&nbsp;

Article #5 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: Single-Inductor Multiple-Output (SIMO) architecture enables design engineers to extend the battery life, and reduce the circuit board size for hearables and wearables

Extending the Battery Life of Hearables and Wearables with Single-Inductor Multiple-Output Switching Architecture

Article #4 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: This article investigates the effect that power designs have on the phase noise of Radio Frequency amplifiers through an experiment comparing the performance of three power regulators at different frequencies. 

Selecting the Best Power Solution for Radio Frequency Signal Chain Phase Noise Performance

This is the third article in an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">8-part series</a>&nbsp;featuring articles on Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations. The series focuses on power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.Board-level designers are tasked with giving life to a board, monitoring its health, adjusting settings, running diagnostics, bringing it offline for inspection, troubleshooting when things are not correct, and gracefully powering down a complex system without incident. In designing and developing power supplies, power management may not only be desirable but a hard requirement.&nbsp;Power System Managers (PSMs) aggregate various functions, such as power-on sequencing, detecting faults, margin testing, coordinating shutdown, measuring voltages and currents, and collecting data for analysis. This article focuses on the supply current measurement techniques with PSMs. We’ll discuss <a href="https://www.analog.com/en/search.html?q=LTC297" target="_blank">LTC297x</a> series components and their application circuits by Analog Devices to explain and compare different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.<h2 dir="ltr">Power System Managers (PSM) Basics and LTC297x Digital PSM (DPSM) Family</h2>Power System Managers (PSM) digitally view a power supply’s critical voltage and current readings. LTC297x DPSM family by Analog Devices has inbuilt current measurement capabilities. Various current sense options, including trade-offs between cost, complexity, and accuracy are discussed in this section.&nbsp;We explain different current sensing methods, and how <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-ltc2971-power-system-managers/" target="_blank">LTC2971 2-Channel Power System Managers</a> and <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-ltc2975-4-ch-pmbus-psms/" target="_blank">LTC2975 4-Channel Power System Managers</a> allow the system’s software to read back values in units of amps using the READ_IOUT command.<h3 dir="ltr">Current Sensing Methods for Power Electronic Converters</h3>The LTC2971/LTC2972/LTC2974/LTC2975 (Fig. 1) managers accurately measure output current. Engineers select these devices for their dedicated current sense pins and PMBus commands that provide telemetry values in amps. Accuracy, cost, board space, and many other factors must also be considered before picking a current sensing solution.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjEyMzc4ODI0LTE2NjY2MTIzNzg4MjQucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 1: Current sensing with a series shunt. Source: Analog Devices<h3 dir="ltr">Shunt Resistor Sensing</h3><iframe id="651a90b77027bc7cf1450c00" width="250" class="specs-iframe" height="440" src="https://wevolver.com/iframe/specs/semtech-lr1121dvk1txks-development-kits?iframe=true" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe>The most common sensing method uses a shunt resistor, sometimes called a current shunt. The shunt resistor is placed in series with the output, whether the DC-to-DC converter is a switching regulator or a linear regulator. The feedback resistor divider gets connected to the output node.&nbsp;The shunt is inside the feedback loop, which allows the regulator to compensate for the shunt resistor’s IR drop (voltage drop across the shunt resistor) when the load current is applied. This significantly improves load regulation. Fig. 2 shows an application circuit for measuring the current through the load at the output of a DC-to-DC converter.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjEyMzc4OTUyLTE2NjY2MTIzNzg5NTIucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 2: Shunt resistor sensing with current sense resistor inside the feedback loop. Source: Analog DevicesThe data sheet specifications list the maximum differential sense voltage developed across the ISENSE pins. Most of the LTC297x devices can sense ±170mV of differential voltage. This provides more than enough range for most applications.&nbsp;The max sense voltage gets calculated as follows: VSENSE = RSNS × IOUT(MAX). Generally, the max sense voltage is determined first, and the RSNS current sense resistor gets calculated as follows: RSNS = VSENSE / IOUT(MAX).&nbsp;A related method adds a ground-referenced Current Sense Amplifier (CSA) to provide a single-ended output fed into the manager’s current sense pins. This approach gets typically employed for level translating a rail that is higher than the 6V limit of most LTC297x managers. The CSA should have good high-side common-mode performance. It is typical to power such a device from the sensed rail and GND as shown in fig. 3.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjEyMzc5OTUzLTE2NjY2MTIzNzk5NTMucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 3: CSA used for higher voltage rails. Source: Analog Devices<h3 dir="ltr">Inductor Direct Current Resistance (DCR) Sensing</h3>DCR sensing is the method that senses current through a buck regulator’s output inductor. An inductor can get modeled as an ideal inductance in series with a resistance called DCR as shown in Fig. 4. This is typically the preferred method for high current (&gt;20A) rails. The addition of a resistive shunt is an extra component that dissipates power and generates heat.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjEyMzc4NjA5LTE2NjY2MTIzNzg2MDkucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 4: DCR inductor current sensing with a 2-pole low-pass filter. Source: Analog DevicesOne must have access to both ends of the inductor to sense across it, and a filter network must be inserted between the sense points and the LTC297x sense pins. The filter network is a two-stage differential RC low-pass filter. A 4-element resistor array can also be employed for convenience and a small footprint.&nbsp;An alternative filtering scheme uses only two resistors and two capacitors. This reduces the component count from eight to four; however, the filter performance does not remain as good Fig. 5 shows the modified application circuit of DCR inductor sensing with reduced components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjEyMzgwMTk0LTE2NjY2MTIzODAxOTQucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 5: DCR inductor sensing with a simplified low-pass filter and reduced components. Source: Analog DevicesTable 1 shows a comparison between different current sensing options available for the DPSM family.<div align="left" dir="ltr"><table><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: center;">Shunt Resistor</td><td style="text-align: center;">Inductor DCR</td><td style="text-align: center;">IMON</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Accuracy</td><td style="text-align: center;">Very good</td><td style="text-align: center;">Good</td><td style="text-align: center;">Good, however light load accuracy is generally not specified</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Output Path</td><td style="text-align: center;">Lossy (IR drop)</td><td style="text-align: center;">No additional losses</td><td style="text-align: center;">Lossless</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Filter</td><td style="text-align: center;">1-pole filter per pin</td><td style="text-align: center;">2-pole filter per pin</td><td style="text-align: center;">Single RC</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Other</td><td style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;–</td><td style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;–</td><td style="text-align: center;">Virtually no common-mode limitations, offset voltage on IMON pin on some devices</td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>This article introduced readers to DPSMs and some primary current sensing methods. It showcased how DPSM devices help designers simplify and accelerate power system characterization, optimization, and data mining during prototyping, deployment, and field operation.This article is based on an<a href="https://www.mouser.com/ebooks/Power-Management-for-all-of-Tomorrows-Innovations" target="_blank">&nbsp;e-book</a> by Mouser and Analog Devices. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the third article from the Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series. Future articles will introduce readers to some more power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems.<hr id="isPasted">The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;covered the fundamentals of power electronics, the technology behind highly-efficient power conversion in different electrical/electronic systems.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/finding-the-sweet-spot-for-flyback-converters-in-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">first article</a> shares some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs. It covers how manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ultralow-noise-switching-power-supplies-for-reduced-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;introduced readers to silent switching and how it prevents EMI at the source, rather than adding shields and filters to the product later.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/current-sensing-with-digital-power-systems-managers" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;describes current measurement techniques using LTC297x series components by Analog Devices. It presents some application circuits and compares different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/selecting-the-best-power-solution-for-radio-frequency-signal-chain-phase-noise-performance" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;discussed the problems associated with phase noise and experimentally showcased how power supply designs can be optimized to deal with them.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/extending-the-battery-life-of-hearables-and-wearables-with-single-inductor-multiple-output-switching-architecture" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;featured Single-Inductor Multiple-Output architecture that integrates different power supply functionalities to drastically reduce the overall size and costs for wearables.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/building-power-and-protection-circuits-for-vehicle-asset-tracking-devices" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;describes how vehicular asset-tracking devices are powered with small, efficient power solutions and protected from electrical stresses.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-supply-subsystems-for-remote-patient-vital-sign-monitoring" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains how designers can implement and validate proven power supply circuits for enabling the reliable operation of healthcare devices.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/nano-power-converters-for-extending-the-battery-life-of-small-iot-products" id="isPasted" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;dealt with a specific IoT power management solution for small, and portable gadgets. It showcases a nano-Power boost converter that ‘operates on fumes’ to make the most out of all the available energy.<hr><h2 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h2>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjEyMzc3ODA3LTE2NjY2MTIzNzc4MDcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Analog Devices Inc. Digital Power System Management, Mouser Electronics, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-digital-power-system-management/" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-digital-power-system-management/</a>[2] Michael Peters, ‘Current Sensing with PMBus Digital Power System Managers—Part 1’, Analog Devices, [Online], Available from:<a href="https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/current-sensing-with-pmbus-digital-power-system-managers-part-1.html" target="_blank">https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/current-sensing-with-pmbus-digital-power-system-managers-part-1.html</a>

Article #3 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: Digital Power System Managers facilitate accurate measurement of the output current to let power supplies operate reliably and offer protection in case of electrical faults.

Current Sensing with Digital Power Systems Managers

This is the first article in an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">8-part series</a>&nbsp;featuring articles on Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations. The series focuses on power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.Even with advances in battery technology and electromechanics, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) struggle to meet the mix of expectations related to electric vehicles that include ultra-low emissions, vehicle performance, vehicle range, and consumer affordability. Innovations in isolation, power management, magnetics, sensing, and Battery Management Systems (BMS) can help OEMs meet these expectations.In this article, we look at some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs; with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions, manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems.<h2 dir="ltr">Technological Innovations Lifting the Last Hurdles to EV Mass Adoption</h2>Two significant disruptions are currently affecting the future of vehicular transport and semiconductor technology.&nbsp;<ol><li dir="ltr">The first is shifting from the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to the electric motor drive.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">The second is the emergence of power switches employed in motor drive systems based on wide bandgap (WBG) material. These devices offer figures of merit around 10 times better than the incumbent solution based on silicon.&nbsp;</li></ol>However, with the battery accounting for more than 25% of the final vehicle cost, optimization of energy use is one of the keys to achieving mass EV adoption. Reaching this goal means recognizing that every watt (W) spent is critical and prioritizing subsystem efficiency as a primary selection criterion in automotive system design.Recent advancements in power management for the powertrain including isolated gate drivers, sensing, and BMS allow designers to be creative to improve system efficiency while keeping the system cost under control. Fig. 1 shows the different components of a modern EV powertrain.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjExMTc5ODk5LTE2NjY2MTExNzk4OTkucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 1: An EV powertrain system. Source: Analog Devices<h2 dir="ltr">Power Management Techniques for EV Powertrain</h2>On the road toward the highest performance, every watt of power matters whether the EV is in &ldquo;on,&rdquo; &ldquo;standby,&rdquo; or &ldquo;sleep&rdquo; mode. Cutting-edge power management solutions can further increase vehicle efficiency, which correlates to extra miles while not compromising the best Electromagnetic Compatibility&nbsp;(EMC) performance from low-current/low-voltage to high-current/high-voltage applications.<h3 dir="ltr">Design Challenges in High Voltage Flyback Circuits</h3>In functionally safe systems, continuity of voltage supply is critical. Generating a local low-voltage rail from the high-voltage battery plays a key role. In traditional isolated high voltage flyback converters, tight regulation is achieved using optocouplers to transfer regulation information from the secondary-side reference circuitry to the primary side.&nbsp;The problem with this approach is that optocouplers add significant complexity to isolated designs. Optocouplers introduce propagation delay, aging, and gain variation. All these factors complicate power supply loop compensation and can reduce reliability.Moreover, during start-up, either a bleeder resistor or high voltage start-up circuit is required to power up the Integrated Circuits (IC) initially. Unless an additional high voltage Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) gets added to the start-up components, the bleeder resistor is a source of unwelcome power loss.<h3 dir="ltr">Avoiding the use of Optocoupler</h3>By sampling the isolated output voltage from the third winding (of the transformer), no optocoupler needs to be employed for regulation. The output voltage gets programmed with two external resistors and a third optional temperature compensation resistor.&nbsp;Boundary mode operation helps to achieve excellent load regulation. Because the output voltage gets sensed when the secondary current is almost zero, no external load compensating resistors and capacitors are needed. As a result, the solution has a low component count, greatly simplifying the design of an isolated flyback converter.<h3 dir="ltr">Start-Up Optimization</h3>There is no need for an external bleeder resistor or other start-up components with an internal depletion-mode MOSFET (which has a negative threshold voltage and usually is on). Once a local 12V capacitor gets charged, the depletion-mode MOSFET turns off to reduce power loss.<h3 dir="ltr">Ultra Low Quiescent Current</h3>Designers should implement mechanisms to achieve ultra low quiescent current. The switching frequency should be reduced at light load while keeping the minimum current limit to reduce current while properly sampling the output voltage.&nbsp;For example, in standby mode, in implementing a sixteen times (16x) reduction of its switching frequency (3.5kHz&ndash;220kHz) and keeping the preload current at less than 0.1% of total output power, the&nbsp;LT8316 by Analog Devices&nbsp;has demonstrated a quiescent current lower than 100&micro;A.<h2 dir="ltr">Sensors and Power Converters by Analog Devices Address Design Challenges in EV powertrain</h2>Analog Devices&rsquo; products address EV design challenges by offering superior battery sensing, the highest level of automotive safety, the broadest portfolio of EV BMS devices, and the most innovative, and versatile system-level solutions.<h3 dir="ltr">Analog Devices LT8316 Micropower Isolated Flyback Converters</h3>The <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-lt8316-flyback-converters/" target="_blank">LT8316 converters</a> sample output voltage from isolated flyback waveforms that appear on third-winding transformers. The component is rated to operate up to 600VIN. This range can be extended by placing a Zener diode in series with the VIN pin to improve the solution scalability. The voltage drop across the Zener diode reduces the voltage applied to the chip, allowing the supply voltage to exceed 600V.&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjExMTQ2NjAyLTE2NjY2MTExNDY2MDIucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 2: Analog Devices Inc. LT8316 Micropower Isolated Flyback Converters. Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-lt8316-flyback-converters/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>With the 220 V Zener diode placed in series with the VIN pin, the minimum supply voltage for the start-up is 260V, give or take, considering the voltage tolerance of the Zener diode. After start-up, the LT8316 operates normally with a supply voltage below 260V. This part achieves high peak efficiencies as shown in fig. 3(a). Even with no optocoupler, load regulation at different input voltages remains tight as in fig. 3(b).<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjExMTQ3ODg4LTE2NjY2MTExNDc4ODcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 3(a)(left): The efficiency of the LT8316 flyback converter for different load currents at different input voltages. Fig 3(b)(right): Load and line regulation of the LT8316 flyback converter. Source: Analog Devices<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>There are multiple opportunities available for power and cost savings in an EV powertrain as the power flows from the charging station to the battery and from the battery to the motor. Eliminating redundant components in driver circuits, optimizing the switching schemes, and carefully selecting modules are just some examples of ways to save power we discussed in this article. By implementing such strategic improvements to the design, EVs are all set to become mainstream.This article is based on an <a href="https://www.mouser.com/ebooks/Power-Management-for-all-of-Tomorrows-Innovations" target="_blank">e-book</a> by Mouser and Analog Devices. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It&#39;s the first article from the Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations Series. Future articles will introduce readers to some more power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems.<hr>The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;covered the fundamentals of power electronics, the technology behind highly-efficient power conversion in different electrical/electronic systems.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/finding-the-sweet-spot-for-flyback-converters-in-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">first article</a> shares some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs. It covers how manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ultralow-noise-switching-power-supplies-for-reduced-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;introduced readers to silent switching and how it prevents EMI at the source, rather than adding shields and filters to the product later.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/current-sensing-with-digital-power-systems-managers" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;describes current measurement techniques using LTC297x series components by Analog Devices. It presents some application circuits and compares different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/selecting-the-best-power-solution-for-radio-frequency-signal-chain-phase-noise-performance" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;discussed the problems associated with phase noise and experimentally showcased how power supply designs can be optimized to deal with them.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/extending-the-battery-life-of-hearables-and-wearables-with-single-inductor-multiple-output-switching-architecture" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;featured Single-Inductor Multiple-Output architecture that integrates different power supply functionalities to drastically reduce the overall size and costs for wearables.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/building-power-and-protection-circuits-for-vehicle-asset-tracking-devices" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;describes how vehicular asset-tracking devices are powered with small, efficient power solutions and protected from electrical stresses.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-supply-subsystems-for-remote-patient-vital-sign-monitoring" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains how designers can implement and validate proven power supply circuits for enabling the reliable operation of healthcare devices.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/nano-power-converters-for-extending-the-battery-life-of-small-iot-products" id="isPasted" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;dealt with a specific IoT power management solution for small, and portable gadgets. It showcases a nano-Power boost converter that &lsquo;operates on fumes&rsquo; to make the most out of all the available energy.<hr><h2 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h2>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2NjExMTQ1MDg3LTE2NjY2MTExNDUwODcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Timothe Rossignol, Brian O&rsquo;Mara, Kate O&rsquo;Riordan, Guilhem Azzano, Maurizio Granato, Sarven Ipek, and Wei Gu, &lsquo;Find the Cost and Performance Sweet Spot for Battery Management and Traction Inverter Systems Design&rsquo;, Analog Devices - Mouser, [Online], Available from: <a data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" href="https://www.mouser.com/pdfDocs/sweet-spot-for-bms-and-traction-inverter-systems.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/pdfDocs/sweet-spot-for-bms-and-traction-inverter-systems.pdf</a>, <a href="https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/sweet-spot-for-bms-and-traction-inverter-systems.html" target="_blank">https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/sweet-spot-for-bms-and-traction-inverter-systems.html</a>[2] Analog Devices Inc. LT8316 Micropower Isolated Flyback Converters, Mouser Electronics, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-lt8316-flyback-converters/" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/new/analog-devices/adi-lt8316-flyback-converters/</a>

Article #1 of Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: Optimizing the power converter and battery management system designs can solve the challenges associated with present-gen electric vehicles like short traveling ranges and high costs.

Finding the Sweet Spot for Flyback Converters in Electric Vehicles

This is the introductory article of the 8-part series featuring articles on Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations. The series focuses on power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics shares its passion for technologies that enable smarter and connected applications.<h2 dir="ltr">A Focus on Power Management</h2>Everything needs power to work or run, whether connected to a power source or powered wirelessly. Engineers are constantly seeking more efficient and less power-consuming ways to design products, a field of research and design known as power management.&nbsp;The new series, Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations showcases technologies that help build highly efficient power supplies. The series features products by Analog Devices and demonstrates ways for engineers to build power management solutions for different applications.In this first article, we introduce our readers to the basics of power electronics and the technology behind power conversions in different electrical/electronic devices. We look at the advantages, classification, applications, and developments in power electronic converters.<h2 dir="ltr">Introduction to Power Electronics</h2>Power Electronics is a branch of electrical engineering that deals with the control and conversion of electrical power. It is the circuitry that sits between the source of energy and the load consuming it. Power Electronic converters make use of solid-state switches to change the voltage, current, and frequency of electricity so that the energy can be converted into a form suitable for consumption by the load. Fig. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a typical power electronic converter.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2MjYxNDU0NDcyLVNvdXJjZSBvZiBFbGVjdHJpYyBQb3dlci5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig.1 Simplified block diagram of a typical power electronic converterDuring the operation, electrical and mechanical feedback is collected from the load with the help of sensors and signal conditioners. Based on the feedback, the controller adjusts the operation of the power converter.The primary advantages of using power converters are:<ol><li dir="ltr">High efficiency: Power electronic converters contain no moving parts due to which their efficiency is high.</li><li dir="ltr">Small size: Advancements in the power handling capacity of semiconductors have enabled even tiny switches to handle large power.</li><li dir="ltr">Quick response: Solid-state devices can be rapidly switched on and off to control the power as required by the application.</li></ol>There are some limitations of the technology too:<ol><li dir="ltr">Harmonics: Fast switching of electronic components degrades the voltage-current waveform. As the waveform is distorted, a number of issues (such as heating and vibrations) start showing up in the system. With careful design and operation of converters, this can be mitigated.</li><li dir="ltr">Costs: The cost of building power electronic converters is high. But in the long run, the converters end up saving a lot more.</li></ol>The advantages of using power electronic converters outweigh the limitations making clear why most modern electronic devices come with power electronic converters.Based on the type of power conversion carried out, power electronic converters are classified as:<ol><li dir="ltr">AC-DC converters:&nbsp;Often called rectifiers, these converters are used to convert power from an AC source to DC.</li><li dir="ltr">DC-DC converters:&nbsp;These converters operate from a DC input voltage and are used to either increase the voltage levels, decrease the voltage levels or perform both operations. The converters that increase the voltage levels at the output are called boost converters, the ones that reduce the voltage levels are called buck converters, and the ones that do both are called buck-boost converters. DC-DC converters are also called choppers.</li><li dir="ltr">DC-AC converters:&nbsp;The function of these converters is to draw power from a DC power source and supply AC power with varying voltage, current, and frequency. DC-AC conversion circuits are also called inverters.</li><li dir="ltr">AC-AC converters:&nbsp;These converters are used to change the voltage, current, or frequency of an AC source. Also known as cycloconverters, these circuits are not used frequently.</li></ol>Here is a video explaining the concept of widely used DC-DC converters:<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8HG2ep33wb4?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-9="true" id="779306950" title="What is a DC/DC Converter? | Mouser Electronics" data-gtm-yt-inspected-7="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-11="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-8="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-gtm-yt-inspected-10="true"></iframe> 70% of the world&#39;s electricity is processed by power electronics in some form or other.[1]&nbsp;The applications of power electronics span almost all domestic, commercial and industrial spaces. Here are a few selected ones:<ul><li dir="ltr">Electric Vehicles (EVs): EVs make extensive use of power electronics in their powertrain. Power electronics applications can be found wherever energy is being converted into electric vehicles.</li><li dir="ltr">Chargers:&nbsp;Rectifiers along with choppers are very commonly used in laptop/smartphone chargers.</li><li dir="ltr">Renewable energy:&nbsp;Since the energy generated by solar cells, windmills, and many other renewable energy sources is never at a constant rate, it needs to be converted (and sometimes stored) into a suitable form before use. Different power electronic converters and switches are used for this purpose.</li><li dir="ltr">High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission:&nbsp;In power systems, HVDC transmission is a method of transmitting electricity in the form of DC current. The converter circuits present at the feeder and the receiver are built with power electronics.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Developments in Power Electronics</h2>Power electronics is among the hottest topics of research in electrical engineering. There is a continuous effort for improving the performance and efficiency of power electronic converters. Here are some key fronts where the research is currently focused on:<ul><li dir="ltr">Wide-bandgap (WBG) devices: Materials such as SiliconCarbide (SiC) and GalliumAresnide (GaAs) are known to have a bandgap of over 2 electronVolt (eV) as opposed to 0.6-1.5 eV for conventional semiconductors. This unique property unlocks possibilities of using them for handing a huge amount of power.</li><li dir="ltr">Connectivity, digital control, and modulation techniques:&nbsp;Improvements in communication and processing capabilities result in more intelligent and connected control schemes that ultimately improve the performance and efficiency of power electronic converters.</li><li dir="ltr">Electric mobility:&nbsp;EVs are considered the future of transport. Battery management systems, the charging infrastructure, motor control unit, and other integral parts of the EV powertrain are all applications of power electronics.</li></ul>We&#39;ll discuss some of these applications and power electronic modules throughout the series.<h2 dir="ltr">Power Management Solutions by Analog Devices for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations</h2>Analog Devices&rsquo; high-performance power management solutions meet stringent power requirements with leading-edge design and packaging technologies, including high power densities, ultra-low noise, and superior reliability. These features ensure systems operate at their optimal efficiency, speed, and power levels while increasing feature density and reducing the cost of ownership.&nbsp;Supported by a start-to-finish power design tool suite and highly configurable power interconnect solutions, Analog Devices&rsquo; low complexity power management solutions help customers accelerate time-to-market while delivering best-in-class performance.&nbsp;Learn about what is happening in the domain of power management and power electronics as this series takes you through some articles, case studies, and application guides focused on building better power solutions for different applications.&nbsp;Check out the <a href="https://www.mouser.com/manufacturer/analog-devices/" target="_blank">Analog Devices</a> manufacturer page on Mouser Electronics.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Power management is a critical aspect of product design. With advanced power electronic devices and application circuits, engineers can build products that offer superior performance and have long battery life.This is an introductory article to Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations, a series based on an <a href="https://www.mouser.com/ebooks/Power-Management-for-all-of-Tomorrows-Innovations" id="isPasted" target="_blank">e-book</a> by Analog Devices and Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and Electrical Engineer <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It&#39;s the first article from the Power Management for Tomorrow&rsquo;s Innovations Series. Future articles will introduce readers to some power management and optimization techniques for modern electronic systems.<hr>The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-management-for-tomorrows-innovations" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;covered the fundamentals of power electronics, the technology behind highly-efficient power conversion in different electrical/electronic systems.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/finding-the-sweet-spot-for-flyback-converters-in-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank">first article</a> shares some design techniques for efficient power management in EVs. It covers how manufacturers can build significantly better vehicular electric power systems with systematic planning and innovative power electronic solutions.The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ultralow-noise-switching-power-supplies-for-reduced-electromagnetic-interference/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;introduced readers to silent switching and how it prevents EMI at the source, rather than adding shields and filters to the product later.The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/current-sensing-with-digital-power-systems-managers" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;describes current measurement techniques using LTC297x series components by Analog Devices. It presents some application circuits and compares different approaches for current sensing in power electronic converters.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/selecting-the-best-power-solution-for-radio-frequency-signal-chain-phase-noise-performance" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;discussed the problems associated with phase noise and experimentally showcased how power supply designs can be optimized to deal with them.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/extending-the-battery-life-of-hearables-and-wearables-with-single-inductor-multiple-output-switching-architecture" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;featured Single-Inductor Multiple-Output architecture that integrates different power supply functionalities to drastically reduce the overall size and costs for wearables.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/building-power-and-protection-circuits-for-vehicle-asset-tracking-devices" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;describes how vehicular asset-tracking devices are powered with small, efficient power solutions and protected from electrical stresses.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/power-supply-subsystems-for-remote-patient-vital-sign-monitoring" target="_blank">seventh article</a>&nbsp;explains how designers can implement and validate proven power supply circuits for enabling the reliable operation of healthcare devices.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/nano-power-converters-for-extending-the-battery-life-of-small-iot-products" id="isPasted" target="_blank">final article</a>&nbsp;dealt with a specific IoT power management solution for small, and portable gadgets. It showcases a nano-Power boost converter that &lsquo;operates on fumes&rsquo; to make the most out of all the available energy.<hr><h2 dir="ltr">About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</h2>Mouser Electronics is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjY2MjU5MTM4MjYyLTE2NjYyNTkxMzgyNjIucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Power electronics: revolutionizing the world&rsquo;s future energy systems, Hitachi Energy, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://www.hitachienergy.com/news/perspectives/2021/08/power-electronics-revolutionizing-the-world-s-future-energy-systems" target="_blank">https://www.hitachienergy.com/news/perspectives/2021/08/power-electronics-revolutionizing-the-world-s-future-energy-systems</a>

Introducing the Power Management for Tomorrow’s Innovations Series: A new series featuring articles, case studies, and application guides explaining how product designers can build efficient power supplies for various applications.

Power Management for Tomorrows Innovations

A student article explaining how quasioptical framework is advantageous for developing radiative wireless power transfer systems with high efficiency.

Quasioptics for Increasing the Beam Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Different electronic devices that we use in everyday life, such as smartphones, LED lights, computers, and robots use different electronic circuits and processors for their operation. The utility supplies AC to different households and industries in order to transfer power efficiently over long distances. A stable DC power supply can be obtained using electronic circuits that can be internal or external in nature. Smartphones and laptops power external power supplies, while devices like computers, robots, and servers have power supplies integrated within them.&nbsp;Power supplies can be regulated or unregulated, wherein in regulated power supplies, changes in the input voltage profile do not affect the output of the power supply. On the other hand, in an unregulated power supply, the output depends on the input.&nbsp;To illustrate the general structure of a DC power supply we can consider it to consist of four basic blocks. Each block represents a particular function that is performed. The basic blocks are described below:<ul><li dir="ltr">Transformer: Since the input supply to the transformer is AC, the transformer converts high voltage AC into low voltage AC or converts a low voltage AC to high voltage AC. The transformer also acts as an isolator preventing high-frequency signals from going into the input side.</li><li dir="ltr">Rectification - This is the process of conversion of AC to DC. Switching converters are used to rectify the voltage. The output of the rectifier circuit is DC along with ripples. These ripples need to filter out before connecting them to the load.</li><li dir="ltr">Filter - The rippled DC output of the rectifier is filtered out using filter circuits. These filter circuits are generally capacitors connected in parallel with the load.</li><li dir="ltr">Voltage regulator - These devices are used to regulate the voltage with certain limits as desired by the load that is connected.</li></ul>DC power supplies are available in switch-mode (also known as switching) or linear configurations. While both types provide DC power, the method by which this power is generated differs. Each type of power supply has advantages over the other depending on the application. Let's take a look at the differences between these two technologies, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each design.Recommended reading:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/new.power.supply.unit.lets.electrical.devices.live.longer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">New power supply unit lets electrical devices live longer</a><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">What is a linear power supply?</h2>Linear power supplies, also known as series power supplies, are low-frequency power supplies that do not use any switching component in their conversion process. Due to the low frequency of operation, the transformers used are bulkier as compared to switching mode power supplies.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjU3ODA4MTA3OTEyLUFDX2N1cnJlbnRfc3VwcGx5LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 800px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Linear Power Supply">Linear Power Supply<div style='pointer-events: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; z-index: auto; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 625.7px; height: 39px; width: 766px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; tab-size: 8;'> </div> <h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">How does it work?</h3>In a linear power supply, an alternating current transformer with an iron core and coil is used first to reduce the voltage of the incoming alternating current (AC). The voltage is then rectified by a diode in a rectifier circuit and smoothed to a stable voltage by a capacitor in a smoothing circuit.The rectifier circuit produces a series of positive peaks of a sine wave, which is not a stable Direct current. As a result, the voltage is converted to a constant level via a smoothing circuit comprised of a capacitor, followed by a stabilizing circuit (control circuit). Control circuits are classified into two types– shunt and series. To maintain a constant output DC voltage, both methods monitor and control it.<h3 dir="ltr">Preferred Applications</h3>A linear power supply requires a dedicated AC power transformer depending upon the input/output voltage and power demand. Each device has a fixed power demand and hence each application requires a dedicated transformer.A linear power supply is resistant to noise and electromagnetic interference and also does not cause RF interference with other devices. They also have a faster response as compared to switching power supply. Hence, they are used in audio frequency, RF applications, and places where excellent regulation and low-ripple output are required. Some of the common applications are mentioned below.<ul><li dir="ltr">Low noise amplifiers</li><li dir="ltr">Signal processing</li><li dir="ltr">Data acquisition - including sensors, multiplexers, A/D converters, and sample &amp; hold circuits.</li><li dir="ltr">Automatic test equipment</li><li dir="ltr">Laboratory test equipment</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Advantages &amp; Disadvantages</h3>The benefits of linear mode power supplies include simplicity, reliability, low noise levels, and low cost. A linear power supply has simple construction and design making them less complex as compared to a switching power supply. The simple design makes it easier to operate and maintain. The relatively simpler construction also prevents chances of failure making them more reliable. Linear power supply is resistant to EM interference and does not cause RF interference to other devices, making them ideal for high-frequency operations.Along with the numerous advantages of linear power supply, there are some disadvantages. Because linear regulators are ideal for low-power applications, the disadvantages are understood when higher power is required. When compared to a switch-mode power supply, the disadvantages of a linear power supply include size, high heat loss, and lower efficiency levels. When used in a high-power application, linear power supply units require a large transformer and other large components to handle the power as the frequency of operation is low. Using larger components increases the overall size and weight of the power supply, which can make weight distribution within a given application difficult. It also makes the power supply bulky and less portable. High heat losses occur while regulating a high power demand by the load, this makes the process inefficient.Recommended reading:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/flexibility-will-be-key-to-a-large-scale-rollout-of-solar-power" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Flexibility will be key to a large-scale rollout of solar power</a><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">What is a switching power supply?</h2>A switching power supply is designed using a different technique, developed to address many of the issues associated with linear power supply design, such as transformer size and voltage regulation. The input voltage is not reduced by switching power supply designs; instead, it is rectified and filtered at the input. The voltage is then passed through a chopper, which transforms it into a high-frequency pulse train. Before reaching the output, the voltage is filtered and rectified once more. &nbsp;The transformation into a high-frequency pulse train helps reduce the size of components, making the device smaller and more compact in nature.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjU3ODA4MTgwNDc3LXZvbHRhZ2VfY3VycmVudF90ZXN0ZXIuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 800px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Switching Power Supply">Switching Power Supply<div style='pointer-events: none; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; z-index: auto; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 562.238px; height: 39px; width: 766px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; tab-size: 8;'> </div><h3>How does it work?</h3>In contrast to linear power supply, switching power supply includes rectification and smoothing before voltage regulation. Using a switching device for the previously rectified current, the low-frequency AC at the input is transformed into a high-frequency pulse wave. The rectified high-frequency current is treated as a pseudo alternating current (AC) which is fed into a high-frequency transformer reduction in voltage as per load requirements. The output is then filtered and the voltage is regulated generally using feedback from the output to the high-frequency transformer.<h3 dir="ltr">Preferred Applications</h3>Switching power supplies have a compact design and are more efficient as compared to linear power supplies making them suitable for applications that require higher efficiency and have to be compact in nature. They are widely used as a source of power for mobile phones, computers, servers, and even LED lights. Some devices have them integrated within their body while others have them externally placed. They have also been used in vehicles and security systems.<h3 dir="ltr">Advantages &amp; Disadvantages</h3>Unlike linear power supply, the switching <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/understanding-transistors-what-they-are-and-how-they-work" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">transistors</a> in switch mode supply continually switch between full-on and full-off states and spend very little time in the high dissipation state during transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. This reduces the heat generated by wastage of energy and hence increases efficiency. Another major advantage of switching power supply is the compact size because of the smaller transformer size. This makes the device portable and easy to install.On the other hand, the design and manufacturing of switching power supply are complex which makes debugging and maintenance difficult as compared to linear supply. This power supply also injects harmonics into the system which can adversely affect other connected devices. The effect of noise and electromagnetic interference is quite significant, thus EMI filters are required for them to operate efficiently.Recommended reading:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/sustainable-power-generation-with-low-temperatures" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sustainable power generation with low temperatures</a><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Linear vs switching power supply</h2>Linear and switching power supplies have their own advantages and disadvantages and are used in specific applications depending on various factors as discussed before in the article. The table below shows the differences between linear and switching power supplies.<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Parameters</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Linear Power Supply</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Switching Power Supply</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Definition</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">It completes the stepping down of AC voltage first then it converts it into DC.</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">It converts the input signal into DC first then it steps down the voltage up to the desired level.</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Voltage Regulation</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Voltage regulation is done by the voltage regulator.</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Voltage regulation is done by a feedback circuit.</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Efficiency</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Low efficiency</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">High-efficiency</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Magnetic material used</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Stalloy or CRGO core is used</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Ferrite core is used</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Reliability</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">More reliable in comparison to SMPS in specific applications.</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">The reliability depends on the transistors used for switching.</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">RF interference</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">No RF interference</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">RF shielding is required as switching produces more RF interference.</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Noise and Electromagnetic Interference</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">They are immune to noise and electromagnetic interference.</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">The effect of noise and electromagnetic interference is quite significant; thus EMI filters are required.</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Complexity</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Less complex</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">More complex</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Applications</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Used in audio frequency and RF applications.</td><td style="width: 33.3333%;">Used in chargers of mobile phones, DC motors, etc.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Key Takeaways</h2><ul><li dir="ltr">There are two common power supply designs– Linear and Switching power supply used for a wide range of applications, including RF, computer, audio, smartphones, etc.</li><li dir="ltr">The linear power supply is designed for low noise and there is no high-frequency switching to be used where regulation and low ripple are required along with low electromagnetic emissions and transient response.</li><li dir="ltr">The switching power supply is designed for high efficiency and small size that converts electrical power efficiently. The power supply regulates the output voltage through the process of pulse width modulation with various available topologies, including buck, boost, forward converter, half-bridge rectifier, or flyback depending on the output power requirements.</li><li dir="ltr">In modern-day electronics and electrical appliances, switching power supply is preferred due to their low cost, compact design, and improved efficiency.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">References</h2>[1] [Available online: <a href="https://electronicscoach.com/difference-between-linear-supply-and-switch-mode-power-supply.html" target="_blank">https://electronicscoach.com/difference-between-linear-supply-and-switch-mode-power-supply.html</a>; Accessed. July 13, 2022.[2] Available online: <a href="https://www.seacomp.com/resources/switching-power-supply-advantages-and-disadvantages" target="_blank">https://www.seacomp.com/resources/switching-power-supply-advantages-and-disadvantages</a>; Accessed. July 13, 2022.[3] Available online: <a href="https://www.matsusada.com/column/linear_switching_difference.html" target="_blank">https://www.matsusada.com/column/linear_switching_difference.html</a>; Accessed. July 13, 2022.[4] Available online: <a href="https://www.circuitspecialists.com/blog/power-supplies-switch-mode-vs-linear/" target="_blank">https://www.circuitspecialists.com/blog/power-supplies-switch-mode-vs-linear/</a>; Accessed. July 13, 2022.

DC power supplies are available in switch-mode (also known as switching) or linear configurations of which switching power supply is preferred in modern-day electronics due to their low cost, compact design, and improved efficiency.


Switching vs Linear Power Supply: What's the difference

Wireless energy transmission, the dream of visionaries including Nikola Tesla with his Wardenclyffe Tower experiments, is today a reality. From completely-sealed electric toothbrushes to smartphones capable of charging when just thrown down onto a mat at the end of the day, there are plenty of examples of commercially-viable wireless power systems in everyday life &mdash; and still more on the horizon, including proposals for energising electric vehicles while they travel or robots as they roam.The majority of these, however, rely on electromagnetic transmission &mdash; an approach which works perfectly well over the air, but begins to encounter difficulties when faced with transmission through other media such as living tissue or water. What could be an ideal way to charge implanted electronics or undersea sensor networks becomes significantly more challenging &mdash; which is why a team of researchers from a number of Korean institutions have turned to acoustic energy transfer instead, switching from electromagnetic radiation to ultrasound as the energy source.<h1>The sound of power</h1>The team, led by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), isn&rsquo;t the first to look at &mdash; or even succeed at &mdash; wireless energy transmission via ultrasound. Previous approaches, however, have been extremely limited in either the distance over which the energy can be transmitted or the amount of energy usable at the receiver &mdash; or, typically, both.The prototype developed by the researchers, by contrast, offers a considerable improvement over the state-of-the-art in both respects. Built using a five-layer design &mdash; a flexible electrode upper, a fixed area, a triboelectric layer, a novel ferroelectric layer, and a bottom electrode &mdash; the receiver sheets generate energy through movement induced by a 40kHz ultrasound signal, but represent only part of the gain in performance reported in the work.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjUyODEzNjUzNzY0LWVzczQuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="A diagram of a prototype Acoustic Energy Transmission (AET) receiver, showing the five layers: Flexible electronics, fixed part, triboelectric layer, ferroelectric layer, and bottom electrode. A photograph of actual prototypes are seen to the right, marked with an outer fixed area frame and an inner active area.">The prototype AETs developed by the KIST-led team are made up of five layers, and produce energy from movement as triboelectric generators. The remainder, the team explains, comes from a switch from a sinusoidal acoustic wave to a square wave &mdash; an approach which, combined with the addition of piezoelectric PNM-PT crystals to the receiver as the ferroelectric layer, considerably boosts the output voltage available to connected electronics. Interestingly, the researchers conclude that the boosted voltage comes not from the piezoelectric effect directly but from a boost to the triboelectric effect.&ldquo;It can be seen that our device is mode-free,&rdquo; the team explains, &ldquo;and frequency independent. This is vital for its practical use, because unlike piezoelectric type receivers, our device does not necessitate a precisely matched ultrasound transducer.&rdquo;<h1>Switched on by sound</h1>To prove not only the core concept but also its applicability in simulations of various real-world use cases, the team built receiver prototypes and placed them in a range of materials: A lump of pork, used as a stand-in for human tissue in the case of recharging or directly powering implanted electronic devices; metal, acrylic, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and plywood, to show its ability to transmit energy through a range of housing materials including those which would block electromagnetic radiation; and a tank of water, to showcase the system&rsquo;s potential for powering sub-aquatic drones or sensor networks ill-suited to other wireless energy transfer approaches.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjUyODEzNjY3MDY4LWVzczIuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Photographs of three prototypes: A trapezoidal 3D-printed prototype with five receiver faces connected to an electronic circuit and a CC2650 development board; the same receiver connected to two 200-LED matrices, with an ultrasonic transducer postioned 6cm away above a water tank; and the same receiver with wireless sensors fitted transmitting to a tablet PC over Bluetooth with the transducer 6cm away above the same water tank.">The team built several prototypes to prove the device&#39;s capabilities for useful energy transfer, including Bluetooth-connected sensor networks located under 6cm of water.The results are undeniably impressive. The body-implanted version proved capable of delivering sufficient power to drive implantable electronic devices without damage to the surrounding tissue and with the ultrasound emissions kept well within FDA-approved limits for use on patients; the system successfully transmitted though all the housing materials, representing the bulk of materials used in commercial and industrial electronic systems; and energy transmission worked perfectly through water.The latter experiments are worth further analysis. The team created a 3D-printed trapezoidal structure with prototype energy receiving sheets making up five of its faces, then fitted a range of wireless sensors designed for water quality monitoring &mdash; measuring metrics including temperature, carbon dioxide levels, pressure, and humidity. These were then powered using a transmitter 6cm (around 2.4&quot;) away &mdash; &ldquo;an order longer,&rdquo; the team notes, &ldquo;than the previous report.&rdquo;In further testing the team directly drove two matrices of 200 LEDs each at a brightness high enough to be observed under laboratory lighting, before concluding with a &ldquo;conclusive demonstration&rdquo; as to the approach&#39;s suitability for practical use: The replacement of the battery in a commercial Texas Instruments CC2650 Bluetooth Sensor Tag with an acoustic energy receiver which was capable of triggering Bluetooth transmission of sensor readings to a nearby tablet computer within a second of the ultrasound transmitter being energized.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjUyODEzNjc2Mzc0LWVzczMuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="A line graph showing the voltage produced by the AET system with four design changes: Only PTFE and sinusoidal wave; PTFE, <111> PMN-PT (up) and sinusoidal wave; only PTFE and square wave; and PTFE, <111> PMN-PT (up) and square wave. With each change, the voltage can be seen increasing in turn.">The team&#39;s approach makes two key changes to the previous state-of-the-art, the use of square wave signals and the addition of a ferroelectric layer, with excellent results.&ldquo;This study demonstrated that electronic devices can be driven by wireless power charging via ultrasonic waves,&rdquo; says Hyun-Cheol Song, PhD, who led the project. &ldquo;If the stability and efficiency of the device are further improved in the future, this technology can be applied to supply power wirelessly to implantable sensors or deep-sea sensors, in which replacing batteries is cumbersome.&rdquo;The team&rsquo;s work has been published under closed-access terms in the journal <cite><a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/EE/D1EE02623B" target="_blank">Energy &amp; Environmental Science</a></cite>.<h1>Reference</h1>Hyun Soo Kim, &nbsp;Sunghoon Hur, Dong-Gyu Lee, Joonchul Shin, Huimin Qiao, Seunguk Mun, Hoontaek Lee, Wonkyu Moon, Yunseok Kim, Jeong Min Baik, Chong-Yun Kang, Jong Hoon Jung, and Hyun-Cheol Song: <cite>Ferroelectrically augmented contact electrification enables efficient acoustic energy transfer through liquid and solid media, Energy &amp; Environmental Science, Iss. 3 2022</cite>. DOI <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE02623B" target="_blank">10.1039/D1EE02623B</a>.

An artist's impression of the proposed AET system being used to drive both underwater sensor networks and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), using nothing but ultrasound signals from a passing boat on the surface.

A team of researchers in Korea has been working on functional acoustic energy transmission (AET) systems, and their latest paper details a major breakthrough: Prototypes capable of powering LEDs, sensors, and Bluetooth transmitters at range and through materials include metal, tissue, and water.

A move to ultrasonic acoustics for wireless energy transmission could power implants, underwater sensors, and more

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