Generics

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NFPA 79 governs the electrical equipment inside industrial machines, picking up where the National Electrical Code stops. This guide covers its scope, how it splits responsibility with the NEC and UL 508A, what the 2024 edition requires, and the 2027 revision in progress.

NFPA 79: The Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery

This guide covers what it applies to, how it differs from UL 508, how Supplement SB establishes the short-circuit current rating for a panel, and what it actually takes to label a panel under the UL 508A panel shop program.

UL 508A: The Standard for Industrial Control Panels

We've all heard of nylon, and most of us touch it daily. First synthesised in 1935 by chemist Wallace Carothers of DuPont, this well-known polymer was first used to replace silk in women's stockings.

Types of Nylon: How They Stack Up

Controlled impedance is the control of PCB trace impedance within specified tolerances. This article covers microstrip and stripline designs, IPC-2141A formulas, stackup selection, impedance tolerances, routing practices, and TDR testing for signal integrity.

Controlled Impedance PCB Design: A Comprehensive Guide