At RPWORLD, advancing product innovation for young professionals is deeply rooted in our tradition. We're delighted to support the innovative product designers and engineers as they are on their creative journeys.Recently, we sponsored the αCentauri Solar Racing team with customized components needed to the mechanical braking system of their solar car. The αCentauri team, running out of ETH Zurich, is dedicated to cultivating technical talents who are passionate about addressing environmental challenges. This partnership perfectly aligns with our mission to promote innovation and sustainability.<h2 dir="ltr">Project Background</h2>The initiation of solar car development by αCentauri team was driven by a noble cause&nbsp;—addressing the threat to the nation's lost glaciers due to climate change. The project aimed to use solar energy to redefine sustainable transportation, and to inspire the world towards a more sustainable future. This led them to target the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge. It is a 3,000km race through the Australian outback. In this challenge, 42 teams from 21 countries will race solar cars across Australia, testing both technology and human endurance.<h2 dir="ltr">Project Challenges</h2>When faced with the challenging task of creating customized parts for the solar racing car, αCentauri team turned to RPWORLD. The team manager expressed his concerns:<ul><li dir="ltr">How to choose processes &amp; materials for different mechanical parts: We urgently needed various metal parts for the steering wheel transmission shaft and brackets, but we're not sure about the best manufacturing processes and materials, especially when low quantities are required.</li><li dir="ltr">The project is on a tight deadline: While most components of the solar car were ready, we hope the car could be finalized as soon as possible to complete the test and have the best performance in the challenge. &nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">RPWORLD Solutions</h2><h3 dir="ltr">The Comprehensive DFM Analysis &nbsp;</h3>Our dedicated team of engineering professionals love to provide suggestions on manufacturing selection, design optimization, material selection, and post-processing methods for the project. When considering the bracket, the αCentauri team initially intended to use CNC machining. However, with comprehensive analysis, our engineer suggested sheet metal fabrication from Aluminum 5052, with the parts manufactured from a standard sheet metal of 3mm thickness.<h3 dir="ltr">Material Selection</h3>The steering wheel transmission shaft components demanded aluminum material with exceptional characteristics. Different grades of aluminum materials present distinct characteristics. Here’s the comparison of several commonly used aluminum materials. &nbsp;<div dir="ltr" align="left"><table><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum5083</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum6061-T651/T6</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum6063</td><td>&nbsp;Aluminum 7075-T651/T6</td><td>Aluminum&nbsp;6082-T6</td></tr><tr><td>Strength</td><td>Good</td><td>Good</td><td>Good</td><td>Excellent</td><td>Excellent</td></tr><tr><td>Anodizing Effect</td><td>Good</td><td>Excellent</td><td>Excellent</td><td>Good</td><td>Excellent</td></tr></tbody></table></div>We selected aluminum 6082-T6 and aluminum 7075-T651 for the solar racing car project due to their superior strength and good anodizing properties, which are crucial for the high-performance demands of the vehicle.<h3 dir="ltr">Manufacturing Solution</h3>After a thorough analysis, RPWORLD's engineering experts chose CNC machining and sheet metal fabrication to produce precision components for mechanical braking system. These processes offer precision and customization advantages, ensuring precision and efficiency for these parts.To ensure both functionality and visual aesthetics, certain finished parts have also been anodized, not only enhancing their appearance but improving resistance to corrosion. Our comprehensive manufacturing solution enables customer to get components faster, accelerating the solar car development.<h2 dir="ltr">Customer Benefits</h2><ul><li dir="ltr">With CNC Machining and other manufacturing solutions, lead time was reduced by 50%.</li><li dir="ltr">Management risks reduced by customized and one-stop solution with multiple processes.</li><li dir="ltr">Production cost was reduced by 40% via changing to more appropriate manufacturing solution.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">High quality parts were assembled seamlessly on mechanical breaking system. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><blockquote>The great part of RPWORLD, was the fast delivery time they gave us, while not compromising on the quality of the product. So, I want to take this moment and thank RPWORLD for the part they delivered, which will enable us to complete at very high level at the Bridgestone World Challenge.— &nbsp;Manager of αCentauri Team</blockquote>

At RPWORLD, advancing product innovation for young professionals is deeply rooted in our tradition. We're delighted to support the innovative product designers and engineers as they are on their creative journeys.

CNC Machining Accelerates Solar Racing Car Crossing 3,000 Kilometers

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (Wire EDM) has revolutionized precision machining, empowering manufacturers to tackle with intricacies in aerospace, medical devices, and electronics. This latest technology pushes boundaries with its ability to create complex shapes and achieve point accuracy.

Wire EDM: Precision of Modern Engineering

Are you developing a prototype or mechanical part that features flat surfaces? Although your designs may appear flat, post-production warping can significantly affect prototype validation and part assembly. If your machined part has a flat surface, there’re a few things you should be aware of before freezing the part design.<h2 dir="ltr">What is Flatness for CNC Machined Parts?</h2>“Flatness” refers to the measurement of surface smoothness and uniformity. It dictates that the flat sections of a component should fit between two parallel planes without protruding. It’s one of the crucial factors for assessing the surface quality of a part, particularly in terms of how it affects the fit and fastening performance of mating components. For instance, in aerospace components, even minor deviations in flatness can lead to significant assembly challenges.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">What Factors Influence the Flatness of CNC Machined Parts?</h2>Machined surfaces are typically very flat. However, warping can occur due to internal material stress or clamping forces during machining. It’s worth noting that the hardest materials aren’t always the most stable. In some cases, even the toughest materials, such as aluminum and steel, are more vulnerable to bend. Various factors contribute to warpage, including:<ul><li dir="ltr">Raw Material: Material type and inherent flatness affects stress and flatness.</li><li dir="ltr">CNC Machine: Precision and condition of the machine impact results. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Machining Programs and Operator Practices: Program accuracy and operator skill matter.</li><li dir="ltr">Fixturing: Clamping and holding methods can induce stress, leading to warping.</li><li dir="ltr">Material Stress Relief: Proper stress relief techniques prevent warping.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">How to Ensure Flatness Within Your Requirements?</h2>The degree of warpage in a part is the measured deviation of surface height from the datum plane. The table below helps you select the right flatness tolerances by demonstrating typical ranges for CNC machined parts.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1714056510830-1714056510830.png" width="602" class="fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 778px; height: 211px;">At RPWORLD, we work with a wide range of materials with varying degrees of stability and strive to ensure that flatness tolerances meet your requirements. Take aluminum for instance, which has a relatively large coefficient of thermal expansion. We take several measures to prevent warping when machining thin-wall and thin-sheet components. These measures include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Eliminate material internal stresses</li><li dir="ltr">Machine symmetrically</li><li dir="ltr">Machine both sides multiple times</li><li dir="ltr">Choose the appropriate cutting tools</li><li dir="ltr">Improve precision of cutting tool</li><li dir="ltr">Prefer new cutting tools</li><li dir="ltr">Combine the rough machining and finish machining</li><li dir="ltr">Select optimal clamping scheme</li><li dir="ltr">Drill before milling</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">How to Measure the Flatness of CNC Machined Parts?</h2>Probing and optical methods serve as the primary means of measuring flatness. Both methods help detect surface irregularities and ensure parts meet specified tolerance levels, thereby avoiding defects and maintaining high manufacturing standards.Common Instruments for Measuring Flatness:<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1714056510987-1714056510987.png" width="546" height="233" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">Why Choose RPWORLD for Precision Flatness in CNC Machining?</h2><ul><li dir="ltr">State-of-the-art Equipment for Flatness Measurement: RPWORLD uses advanced CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) and feeler gauge solution to inspect flatness, ensuring product accuracy.</li><li dir="ltr">Optimized Tolerance Ranges for Specific Products: Instead of pursuing the absolute minimum tolerance, we create a cost versus tolerance reduction chart to identify the values that align with acceptable range for a part. This helps choose the tight tolerance that fits your project budget.</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced CNC Machines: We utilize state-of-the-art 3-axis, 4-axis, and 5-axis CNC milling and turning machines to achieve the machining consistency and ensure that flatness tolerances meet your requirements. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Rich Expertise: With 20 years of experience in machining over 100 materials, we know how to eliminate material stress effectively to meet your flatness requirements.</li><li dir="ltr">High-performance Engineering Materials: With a reliable sourcing channel, we stock 100+ high-performance engineering materials, ensuring superior flatness, overall consistency, and quality in our CNC machined parts.</li></ul><hr>Partner with RPWORLD for precision CNC machining that meets your exact flatness requirements.<a href="https://www.rpworld.com/en/" target="_blank">&nbsp;Contact Us</a> and kick off your next project today.

Are you developing a prototype or mechanical part that features flat surfaces? Although your designs may appear flat, post-production warping can significantly affect prototype validation and part assembly.

Understanding Flatness in CNC Machined Parts

<h2 id="isPasted">Understanding Rapid Prototyping</h2>Rapid prototyping spearheads a shift in manufacturing, enabling the quick transformation of ideas into tangible products. This approach leverages cutting-edge technologies such as 3D printing, CNC machining, and additive manufacturing to facilitate fast-paced development cycles, crucial for staying competitive in today's market.At the forefront of this transformation is <a href="https://www.boenrapid.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BOEN</a>, a company that's integrating advanced rapid prototyping techniques to offer flexible, cost-effective, and time-efficient solutions. Their services cater to a wide range of businesses, from startups dreaming big to global corporations looking for innovative manufacturing strategies. By reducing the time and cost associated with traditional manufacturing methods, BOEN empowers companies to experiment more freely with their designs, iterate faster, and bring products to market more quickly.This shift toward rapid prototyping is not just about speed and efficiency; it's also about the democratization of manufacturing. By lowering the barrier to entry, rapid prototyping enables more creators to bring their visions to life, fostering a new era of innovation in manufacturing.<h2>The BOEN Difference</h2>BOEN distinguishes itself in the rapid prototyping industry through a blend of proprietary techniques and state-of-the-art technology. Their advanced approach combines:Innovative Workflows: Streamlining the design-to-production cycle, BOEN employs agile methodologies that significantly reduce development time. Their seamless integration of client feedback loops ensures that prototypes meet or exceed expectations with minimal iteration.Advanced Hardware:&nbsp;BOEN's investment in cutting-edge hardware, from 3D printers capable of producing complex geometries to sophisticated CNC machines for high-precision machining, sets a new standard for rapid prototyping. This hardware allows for a wide array of materials to be used, each selected through a rigorous materials science approach that matches the right medium to the project's specific requirements.The synergy of these elements positions BOEN as a leader in rapid prototyping, providing unique technical benefits such as reduced lead times, increased precision, and greater flexibility in material selection. Their dedication to pushing the boundaries of what's possible in rapid prototyping not only accelerates product development cycles but also empowers innovation, making them a sought-after partner in the manufacturing sector.<h2>Practical Impacts on the Industry</h2><h3>Streamlining the Design to Manufacturing Pipeline</h3>Rapid prototyping significantly streamlines the journey from design to production, offering a profound impact on manufacturing efficiency and product quality. By enabling quicker iterations and faster validation of designs, organizations can drastically reduce development cycles and associated costs. BOEN plays a pivotal role in this transformation through its advanced prototyping solutions.Leveraging state-of-the-art technologies, BOEN helps industries accelerate their design processes. For instance, the use of 3D printing allows for complex geometries to be created directly from digital models within hours, bypassing the lengthy traditional manufacturing setups. Similarly, CNC machining services offer precision in creating parts from a wide range of materials, further refining the prototype's fidelity to the intended final product.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1713185375967-5-Axis-CNC-machining-aluminium-p.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">5-axis CNC machines allow BOEN to deliver rapid prototyping at low volume. Credit: BOEN.Moreover, BOEN's emphasis on materials science ensures that each prototype not only meets design specifications but also simulates the functional and aesthetic properties of final products. This holistic approach to prototyping encompasses not just the physical creation of parts but also a rigorous assessment of how materials react under real-world conditions, leading to higher quality outcomes.Significantly, BOEN's methodologies foster greater innovation. With reduced time and cost implications, companies are encouraged to explore more ambitious designs, test new concepts, and iterate more frequently. This democratization of high-quality prototyping serves as a catalyst for breakthroughs across numerous sectors, from automotive to medical devices, where the precision and speed of prototyping can mean quicker market entry and competitive advantage.In essence, the services provided by BOEN underscore the practical benefits of rapid prototyping in today's fast-paced industry, emphasizing efficiency, quality, and innovation.<h3>Opening Doors for Startups and Innovators</h3>Rapid prototyping is a game-changer for startups and innovative companies, easing the path from ideation to realization with its cost-efficiency and flexibility. For ambitious projects on tight budgets, this methodology is a beacon, illuminating the route to successful product development without the hefty investment traditionally associated with manufacturing.BOEN, understanding the unique landscape startups navigate, offers specialized services that align with the agile, innovative ethos of these ventures. Their approach demystifies the prototyping process, granting access to high-quality resources and expertise that were once the exclusive domain of industry giants.The technical benefits provided by rapid prototyping, such as improved design accuracy, the possibility of iterative testing, and the capability to quickly adapt to feedback, are crucial for startups. These benefits enable a swift response to market demands or design challenges, enhancing market responsiveness.Furthermore, BOEN’s solutions are not one-size-fits-all but are carefully tailored to meet the distinct needs of innovators. Whether it's selecting the right material for a prototype to test its durability or employing the most suitable prototyping technique to ensure cost-effectiveness, BOEN’s expertise proves invaluable.This support empowers startups to tread boldly in competitive markets, making rapid prototyping not just a manufacturing approach, but a strategic asset for driving innovation and securing a foothold in the industry.<h2>Beyond Prototyping: The Future with BOEN</h2><h3>From Prototyping to Low-Volume Production</h3>The transition from rapid prototyping to low-volume production is a critical phase for any product development process, marking the shift from concept validation to market readiness. This stage involves:Detailed Planning: Establishing a clear roadmap from prototype to production, considering timeframes, budget, and resource allocation.Material Selection and Sourcing: Choosing materials that balance cost, performance, and availability for low-volume runs.Manufacturing Technique Adjustment: Shifting from prototyping methods to those more suitable for small-scale production without compromising quality.Quality Control Systems: Implementing stringent quality control measures adapted for low-volume production to ensure each unit meets the high standards set during prototyping.Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Optimizing logistics to handle the distribution of smaller product quantities, managing supply chain relationships to ensure timely delivery of materials.BOEN supports businesses through this transition by leveraging its expertise in both rapid prototyping and small-scale manufacturing. Their support encompasses:Consultation and Strategy:&nbsp;Advising on the best pathways for scaling production in a cost-efficient manner while maintaining product quality.Custom Manufacturing Solutions:&nbsp;Offering tailor-made manufacturing solutions that address the unique challenges of low-volume production.Quality Assurance:&nbsp;Ensuring that the quality established during the prototyping phase is maintained or enhanced as production scales.Supply Chain Optimization:&nbsp;Assisting in creating a responsive and efficient supply chain tailored to the needs of small-scale production.Through these services, BOEN helps companies navigate the complexities of scaling their products, enabling a smoother transition from concept prototypes to market-ready products. This comprehensive support is invaluable for businesses looking to capitalize on their innovations with minimal delays and optimal product quality.<h2>Empowering Innovation Across Industries</h2>Rapid prototyping, especially when leveraged by BOEN's expertise, catalyzes innovation across various industries by providing tailored solutions that meet each sector's unique demands.In the aerospace sector, precision and reliability are paramount. Rapid prototyping facilitates the production of lightweight, high-strength components, reducing aircraft weight and improving fuel efficiency. BOEN's adept material selection ensures components withstand extreme conditions, from high temperatures to mechanical stress, crucial for aerospace applications.In the medical devices industry, the ability to prototype intricate, biocompatible devices rapidly accelerates the development of lifesaving technologies. BOEN's proficiency in navigating material compatibility and regulatory requirements allows for the swift iteration of designs, from prosthetics to surgical tools, ensuring they meet stringent medical standards. Low-volume manufacturing allows medical device products to be made in small batches, as medical devices, unlike consumer products do not require very large quantities.The automotive industry benefits significantly from rapid prototyping by expediting the design process of both functional and aesthetic automotive parts. BOEN's expertise in durable materials and finishing techniques enables the production of prototypes that closely mimic final products, allowing for comprehensive testing and design optimization.By overcoming technical challenges through innovative solutions and material expertise, BOEN not only advances product development within these sectors but also empowers companies to push the boundaries of what's possible, leading to groundbreaking innovations that reshape industries.<h2>Conclusion</h2>The journey through rapid prototyping's capabilities and its transformative impact on various industries has underscored its indispensable role in modern manufacturing. Through the lens of BOEN's innovative practices, we've seen firsthand how technological advancements in rapid prototyping significantly streamline the design-to-manufacturing pipeline, empower startups, and catalyze innovation across sectors like aerospace, automotive, and medical devices.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.boenrapid.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BOEN</a> stands at the forefront of this revolution, offering expertise and solutions that not only meet the current demands of the market but also pave the way for future advancements. The potential for further innovation in manufacturing, driven by rapid prototyping, is boundless. We invite industry professionals to consider how these advancements could be integrated into their operations, ushering in a new era of efficiency and creativity.&nbsp;

Rapid prototyping is significantly contributing to an innovative manufacturing future by enabling swift conversion from conceptual designs to physical models.

Rapid prototyping's transformative role to the future of manufacturing

Designing parts for CNC machining may seem straightforward—raw materials is removed from a solid block to create the desired shape. However, there are many ways your designs can encounter issues may arise from parts that are not designed with manufacturability in mind.We conclude some of the most critical issues, that our engineering experts frequently meet in quote requests. Avoiding the issues will help you improve your part design, shorten lead time, and even perhaps save some costs along the way.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Avoid the Sharp Internal Corners</h2>Not all features are achievable, a typical example is an internal angle of 90°. See Figure-1. This is because all current CNC milling tools have a cylindrical shape, which creates a rounded edge instead of a straight or sharp angle when cutting along the edges of the machined cavity. If a straight angle must be retained, the usual approach is to use EDM (electrical discharge machining), which is a more expensive manufacturing process than CNC machining.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712909572420-1712909572420.png" width="602" height="157" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Avoid Designing Thin, Tall Walls</h2>When designing for CNC machining, it is important to avoid designing excessively thin or tall walls. While thin walls may be necessary for certain projects, it is important to note that studies have shown that wall thickness is proportional to the stiffness of the material, which can impact the achievable accuracy due to vibrations during machining. The standard minimum thickness for walls is 0.8 mm for metals and 1.5 mm for plastics. See Figure-2, tall walls may result in issues such as undesirable surfaces, difficulty in meeting part tolerances, and the risk of chipping, bending, or breaking. A good rule of thumb for walls is a width-to-height ratio of 3:1.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712909612525-1712909612525.png" width="602" height="179" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">Avoid Parts with Unnecessary Tight Tolerances</h2>Although CNC machining can tolerate some of the tightest tolerances in manufacturing process, it doesn't mean that every part needs to have the strictest tolerances. In fact, using tight tolerances only when absolutely necessary can greatly reduce costs. As precision requirements increase, more precision manufacturing processes are needed, leading to lower production efficiency and higher costs.&nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712909593141-1712909593141.png" width="602" height="212" class="fr-fic fr-dii">But sometimes, the flawless assembly can be achieved through creating reasonable gaps, simplifying assembly relationships, and using positioning features. In addition, it is also important to maintain same tolerancing as this would reduce machining time. See an example in Figure-3.<h2 dir="ltr">Avoid the Small and Deep Holes, and the Curved Holes</h2>The small, deep holes should be avoided as they can cause drill breakage and make chip removal difficult. The ratio of hole depth to diameter should not exceed 3, and one method to avoid deep holes is to use stepped holes. Blind holes require an additional 25% of hole depth for chip storage. Additionally, the curved holes cannot be machined using CNC methods. However, if this feature is required in your design, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) can be used to achieve, with the raised production cost along the way.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712909593562-1712909593562.png" width="602" height="355" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">Avoid the Deep Cavity</h2>There is a certain proportional limit to the machining depth of CNC cutting tools, and the best machining performance is achieved when the cavity depth is 2-3 times the diameter of the tool. Of course, it is possible to machine deeper cavities, up to a maximum of 4 times the tool diameter, but this will increase costs, especially when using multi-axis CNC machine tools. For example, a milling cutter with a diameter of 12mm can safely machine a cavity with a maximum depth of 25mm, not exceeding 48mm. See Figure-5.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712909593090-1712909593090.png" width="598" height="361" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h2 dir="ltr">Summing it Up</h2>Of course, no one single design tip can address every practical design issues. For additional assistance, feel free to CONTACT US, and you can get the in-depth and customized design analysis. To get your next design project started today, simply Upload a 3D CAD model now.

Optimize part design to reduce CNC machining time and cost

5 Mistakes to Avoid When Designing Machined Parts

Makers and innovators wanted! Welcome to the world of injection molding, cnc machining and Swiss lathe using the APSX Machines. We'll be showcasing the APSX-NANO for creating ejector pins and a reamer tool, the Spyder CNC for machining the mold and reaming ejector pin holes, and finally, the APSX-PIM for producing plastic parts using the mold we create. It's the perfect success trio! Let's kick things off with the APSX-NANO, a compact and versatile machine that's perfect for creating precision components. Today, we'll be using it to craft ejector pins and a reamer tool for our injection mold. With its user-friendly interface, the APSX-NANO allows us to easily manufacture our ejector pins. These pins play a crucial role in the injection molding process, ensuring smooth ejection of the finished parts from the mold. And don't forget the reamer tool! The APSX-NANO makes the custom designed reamer tool as well. Now that we have our ejector pins and reamer tool, it's time to move on to the Spyder CNC for machining the mold itself. The SPYDER CNC ensures accurate and clean holes in our mold for the ejector pins. This small but powerful CNC machine allows us to take our design from the digital realm to the physical world with accuracy. With the Spyder CNC, we can carve out our mold design with incredible detail. The machine's robust capabilities ensure a smooth and precise finish, providing the foundation for a high-quality injection mold. Now that our mold is ready, it's time for the grand finale - producing plastic parts using the APSX-PIM, the heart of our success trio! The APSX-PIM is an injection molding machine that brings our creations to life. By injecting molten plastic into the mold we've crafted, we can replicate our design with ease and efficiency. And there you have it, the Success Trio in action! From crafting ejector pins and reamer tools with the APSX-NANO, precision machining the mold with the Spyder CNC, to bringing our ideas to life with the APSX-PIM – it's a seamless process that opens up endless possibilities for creators like you.<a href="https://youtu.be/fF-tIKxt43s?si=f3w2Y6bHR-2B9Eda" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">YOUTUBE VIDEO</a>.More details: <a href="https://www.apsx.com/" data-attribute-index="0" target="_self">https://www.apsx.com/</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=apsxllc&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="1" target="_blank">#apsxllc</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=apsxnano&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="2" target="_blank">#apsxnano</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=swisscnc&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="3" target="_blank">#swisscnc</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=spydercnc&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="4" target="_blank">#spydercnc</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=apsxpim&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="5" target="_blank">#apsxpim</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=cncmachining&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="6" target="_blank">#cncmachining</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=injectionmolding&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="7" target="_blank">#injectionmolding</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=molddesign&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="8" target="_blank">#molddesign</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=moldmaking&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="9" target="_blank">#moldmaking</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=rapidprototyping&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7163648087201181696" data-attribute-index="10" target="_blank">#rapidprototyping</a>

Are you a manufacturer looking to streamline your production process while saving costs?

Desktop Machines for Injection Mold Making

When selecting the right material for your CNC machined part, hardness is often one of the key considerations. Harder materials resist deformation and scratches, making them longer-lasting and easier to clean and maintain. However, you will often sacrifice toughness if you require a hard material. It may sound contradictory, but if you take glass as an example, it is hard, but its toughness is extremely weak, making it very fragile. On the other side of the scale, plastics are often tough but less resistant to surface and impact damage than metals.So, you’ve decided you want a hard material, but how can you test it to ensure it has the required level of hardness? And if the material you select isn’t hard enough, is there a way to make it harder? Let’s explore those questions in more detail.&nbsp;<h3>How to test material hardness?</h3>When it comes to testing the hardness of your material, there are four generally used methods in <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/services/cnc-machining/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-material-hardness-testing-cnc-dt-0324" target="_blank">CNC machining</a> (and digital manufacturing in general): the Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Leeb methods. &nbsp;Rockwell is a common choice due to its non-destructive methodology, suitable for various manufacturing materials. Brinell is better for softer materials or materials with coarse microstructures. If you require precise measurements for materials with high hardness or thin coatings, Vickers may be the most suitable testing method for you. Finally, when needing to perform on-site tests, Leeb offers portability and convenience.<img border="0" width="530" src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA5NjUwNDY1MjA0LTE3MDk2NTA0NjUyMDQuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" alt="Brinell hardness testing method" class="fr-fic fr-dii">&nbsp;At <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-material-hardness-testing-cnc-dt-0324" target="_blank">Protolabs</a>, most of our Datasheets use figures achieved through Brinell and Rockwell methods. The table below shows a small selection of our metal materials and the numbers they achieve.&nbsp;<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Type</td><td valign="top">Material</td><td valign="top">Hardness HB Brinell Hardness (KgF/mm2)</td><td valign="top">HRB Rockwell B</td><td valign="top">HRC Rockwell C</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Aluminium</td><td valign="top">Aluminium 6082 T651 | 3.2315 | AlSi1MgMn</td><td valign="top">90</td><td valign="top">[~52]</td><td valign="top">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Aluminium</td><td valign="top">Aluminium 7075 T651 | 3.4365 | AlZn5.5MgCu</td><td valign="top">150</td><td valign="top">[~80]</td><td valign="top">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Stainless Steel</td><td valign="top">Stainless Steel 17-4PH | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCuNb16-4 &nbsp;AS MACHINED</td><td valign="top">&lt;365 (Solution annealed)</td><td valign="top">[~100]</td><td valign="top">[~40]</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Stainless Steel</td><td valign="top">Stainless Steel 17-4PH | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCuNb16-4 &nbsp;HEAT TREATED</td><td valign="top">400 to 500 (heat treatment H900)</td><td valign="top">[~114 to 117]</td><td valign="top">[~43-47]</td></tr></tbody></table>&nbsp;<h3>What options are there for making my low-hardness material harder?</h3>So, you found a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/materials/comparison-guide/?category=plastic:metal&process=cncmilling:cncturning&utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-material-hardness-testing-cnc-dt-0324" target="_blank">material</a> that ticks all the boxes, but it’s not hard enough for what you need. What are your options? Well, depending on your material, there may be a few. &nbsp;Options include case hardening, carburising, nitriding, carbonitriding, induction hardening, flame hardening, quenching, precipitation hardening and anodising. &nbsp;So what do all these words mean? And how do they compare?Case Hardening a process used to enhance the surface of a metal object, typically steel, while keeping the interior relatively softer and more ductile.Carburising a heat treatment used to increase the carbon content on the surface layer of low-carbon steel or iron-based alloys.Nitriding a surface-hardening process used to enhance metal surface properties, primarily steel.Carbonitriding a surface hardening process used to improve steel's properties by introducing carbon and nitrogen to the surface layer of the metal.Induction Hardening a surface heat treatment used to increase the hardness and wear resistance of specific areas of metal components.Flame Hardening a heat treatment process used to increase the hardness and wear resistance of specific areas of metal components, particularly steel.Quenching is a critical step in the heat treatment of metals, particularly in processes like hardening, tempering, or annealing. It involves rapidly cooling a heated metal workpiece after it has reached a specific temperature.Precipitation Hardening a heat treatment process used to increase the strength and hardness of certain materials and alloys.Anodising an electrochemical process that creates a protective oxide layer on the surface of metals, particularly aluminium, and its alloys. This process enhances the metal’s corrosion resistance, durability, and appearance.&nbsp;<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Heat Treatment</td><td valign="top">Purpose</td><td valign="top">Examples of Compatible Materials</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Case Hardening &amp; Carburising</td><td valign="top">To increase the surface hardness of the metal part, while keeping the core soft.</td><td valign="top">Mild Steels.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Nitriding</td><td valign="top">To improve hardness, wear resistance and fatigue strength of metal whilst maintaining a more ductile core.</td><td valign="top">Steel and iron-based alloys.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Carbonitriding</td><td valign="top">To increase hardness and wear resistance whilst maintaining a tougher car.</td><td valign="top">Steels and certain iron-based alloys.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Induction Hardening &amp; Flame Hardening</td><td valign="top">To increase hardness and wear resistance of specific areas of metal components.</td><td valign="top">Carbon steels and steel alloys.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Quenching</td><td valign="top">To increase the hardness of the steel alloy.</td><td valign="top">Mild steels (1045, A36) Alloy steels (4140, 4240) Tool steels (D2, A2, O1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Precipitation Hardening (Aging)</td><td valign="top">To increase the hardness &amp; strength of the metal alloy.</td><td valign="top">Aluminium alloys and Stainless Steel (17-4).</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Anodising</td><td valign="top">To enhance metal corrosion resistance, durability and appearance.</td><td valign="top">Aluminium and Aluminium alloys.</td></tr></tbody></table><img width="478" src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA5NjUwNDY1MjEzLTE3MDk2NTA0NjUyMTMuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" align="left" alt="Quenching to increase material hardness" class="fr-fil fr-dii">&nbsp;So, there you have it; now you know how to test the hardness of a material and what can be done to make it harder. Whilst this design tip featured primarily on CNC materials and how they can be tested and hardened, the testing methodology is not limited to machining. For example, most of our 3D printed materials have hardness figures available and options for treatments such as annealing, ageing and HIP; learn more <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/services/3d-printing/direct-metal-laser-sintering/#post_processing?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-material-hardness-testing-cnc-dt-0324" title="Direct Metal Laser Sintering" target="_blank">here.</a>If you wish to learn more about material hardness testing, you can read our explorative <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/resources/guides-and-trend-reports/material-hardness-testing/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-material-hardness-testing-cnc-dt-0324" title="Material Hardness Testing" target="_blank">guide</a>. For further information on what material hardening options are available through our partner network, view our <a href="https://www.hubs.com/knowledge-base/heat-treatments-cnc-machined-parts/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-material-hardness-testing-cnc-dt-0324" target="_blank">heat treatments for CNC machined parts</a> page. For advice and support, please reach out to our applications engineer team by calling +44 (0) 1952 683047.<a href="https://explore.protolabs.com/design-tips-registration/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-design-tip-0324&utm_content=wevolver-design-tip-subscribe-banner-0324" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA5NjUwNTAwMzYwLTE3MDk2NTA1MDAzNjAucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></a>

Ensuring the right level of hardness for your CNC machined part

Material Hardness Testing of CNC Machined Parts

Discover the differences between titanium vs aluminum and choose the perfect material for your next project. Lightweight or strong? Find out now!

Titanium vs Aluminum

Finding the right supplier for product development and manufacturing can be a challenging and time-consuming task. Some suppliers offer batch production, but this applies to products with a frozen design that cannot be modified. But jumping straight from part design to batch production can be a risky move. Another type of supplier provide single or limited manufacturing services. And product developers have to find more manufacturing suppliers to support along the product development life cycle. At RPWORLD, we offer one-stop shop solution for product development, prototyping, and production, whether it is for low or high volumes.With over 20 years of experience and expertise in manufacturing, RPWORLD has served industries, such as: automotive OEM, Tier I, and Tier II suppliers, biotech &amp; medical device and more. Our four manufacturing solutions provide customers with flexibility and rapidity for all their manufacturing needs.<h2 dir="ltr">CNC Machining with High Precision and Complex Structures (10-1,000pcs)</h2>RPWORLD CNC machining is designed for customers who require precision machined parts with complex structures in medium-to-small volume production runs. With tons of 3-, 4- and 5-axis CNC machines, RPWORLD is capable of producing parts that meets DIN ISO 2768 M (F) standards. Ranging from 10 to 1,000 pieces, RPWORLD CNC machining delivers your accurate and consistent parts in as fast as 3 dasys<h2 dir="ltr">CNC Turning for High-Volume Production (Diameter up to 44mm)</h2>RPWORLD CNC turning, a cost-effective manufacturing process for cylindrical parts that are structurally simple. With expertise in high-volume production of machined parts up to 44mm in diameter, we ensure consistent quality and fast turnaround times using advanced equipment and techniques. This service is perfect for customers who require a high volume of small CNC machined parts for their products.<h2 dir="ltr">High-Volume Injection Molded Parts</h2>With advanced injection molding equipment and our engineering experts dedicated to finding ways to increase production, such as using multi-cavity molds, our injection molding is designed for customers who require large quantities of small injection moled part. And you can also expect the consistent quality from the fast delivery in as fast 7 days.<h2 dir="ltr">Prototyping with Multiple Manufacturing Processes</h2>For prototyping needs, RPWORLD uses a range of manufacturing services, including CNC machining, injection molding, vacuum casting, sheet metal fabrication, finishing options, and more. We are committed to producing complex-geometry prototypes with most fitted process, for industries such as medical devices and automotive components, and can meet your exact specifications.In addition to multiple manfuactuirng processes, RPWORLD also provides Free and Comprehensive DFM analysis for every order. The DFM report includes suggestions for the process, material, surface treatment selection and design optimization from the perspective of manufacturability and assembly. The in-depth analysis helps reduce manufacturing risks before any actual production begins, avoid the costly reworks, and is one of the core benefits for customer to work with RPWORLD.When it comes to finding a reliable partner for your product development and manufacturing needs, RPWORLD offers the turnkey manufacturing solutions. With specialized services in prototyping projects, low- to high-volume CNC machining, and large quantities of injection-molded parts, we can provide a one-stop solution for specific for your manufacturing needs.None of your projects match these requirements? We have engineering experts tailored for your product development.

RPWORLD offers one-stop shop solution for product development, prototyping, and production, whether it is for low or high volumes.

Streamline Your Product Development with RPWORLD Turnkey Manufacturing

<html><head></head><body>The Protolabs Insight video series will help you master digital manufacturing, covering cover specific topics such as choosing the right 3D printing material, optimising your design for CNC machining, surface finishes for moulded parts, and much more. <iframe src="https://fast.wistia.net/embed/iframe/racvgox81f" width="900" height="450" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" class="wistia_embed fr-draggable" name="wistia_embed" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</iframe> TranscriptHi and welcome to this week’s Insight video.Just to remind you that these videos are here to help you master digital manufacturing. Whether you need parts or prototypes from 3D printing, injection moulding or CNC machining, they are packed full of practical tips to help you get it right.This week we are looking at <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/services/cnc-machining/threaded-holes-guidelines/?utm_source=wevolver&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=uk-insight-video-0919&amp;utm_content=insight-cnc-threading-0224" target="_blank">CNC threading</a> for <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/services/cnc-machining/cnc-milling/?utm_source=wevolver&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=uk-insight-video-0919&amp;utm_content=insight-cnc-threading-0224" target="_blank">milled</a> and <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/services/cnc-machining/cnc-turning/?utm_source=wevolver&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=uk-insight-video-0919&amp;utm_content=insight-cnc-threading-0224" target="_blank">turned</a> parts and what is possible and what is not.&nbsp;Let’s start by looking at what’s typically available.At its simplest level there are two basic types of machined threads, internal and external.Internal threads are machined using either a traditional threading tap or a thread mill. We think you are better off using a thread mill because it offers more flexibility and you can adjust the hole size. This reduces the cost of tooling and time since you don’t need to change it.It also means that you can design custom threads without having to invest in custom taps.Threading for milled parts can be in one of the three cardinal axes, whereas for turning it needs to be perpendicular to the axis of revolution.There are also a few other things that you should check with your supplier.First what size of threads in UNC, UNF and metric do they supply? &nbsp; Check out their website it may be on there.You also need to check the maximum depths for the threads that they can offer. &nbsp;If they are using a thread mill then the depth will increase as the diameter of the threads increase, but more on that later.Internal threads are also available on turned parts. You will find that many of the same rules apply for machining threads using live tooling on a lathe, but the threads available are more limited than with milling.Okay back to the depth of a threaded hole. If you need a hole that is longer than your supplier can do at that diameter, you still have some options.First select the hole from the side that the screw will be started from. If you need the screw to pass all the way through the part, then you can pass a tap through the hole in a secondary process to complete it.You can also select both sides of the feature to be threaded as you can see in image 2. You do however risk the threads being cross threaded as they come from opposite sides. But as long as the threads don’t intersect, then selecting threads from both sides is okay. <img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA3OTE0NTQxMTk3LTE3MDc5MTQ1NDExOTcucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 765px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">&nbsp;Okay let’s take a quick look at external threads.If your parts qualify for turning, then generally there should not be any issues.External milled threads are far less common than internal threads, but they can still be machined. Check that your supplier has this capability. They are produced on the half diameter and then turned around 180 degrees to machine the other side.This works well for larger coarser threads, but you may need to chase the threads to remove any remaining material or mismatch as the threads are produced in two different machining set ups.Smaller external threads are more difficult to produce and you will have to chase the threads with a thread cutting die to remove any material left behind.So, to recap, for standard threaded holes check what diameters your supplier can provide and also what depth these holes can reach.Similarly for external threads it’s worth checking what outer diameter threads are possible and the maximum thread depth that they can achieve for both turned and milled parts.As with all digital manufacturing thinking through the function of the final part and what role the internal or external thread will play could influence your design.There are occasions when you might need an insert to be added into the threaded hole for additional functionality.For example, coil inserts will provide stronger threads. They need to be added after the manufacturing.Similarly key inserts are ideal for thread reinforcement especially if the mating stud or bolt is going to be removed frequently.Check what your supplier provides in terms of inserts and also how they affect both the hole diameter and depth.I’m going to finish off by saying that many CAD packages allow you to display threaded features in different ways. &nbsp;It is a good idea to check with your supplier how these features should be presented and in what file format.Okay that’s it for this week. &nbsp;I know there’s quite a lot of information to take in in this video and also the others that we have done. To find out more take a look at our website where we have produced a number of written practical design tips and guides to help you outUntil next time.<hr> Watch other Protolabs Insight videos <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/resources/insight/insight-video-library/?utm_source=wevolver&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=uk-insight-video-0919&amp;utm_content=wevolver-insight-library-0224" target="_blank">here</a>.</body></html>

When considering threads for your part there are a number of factors to consider, such as: size of threads in UNC, UNF and metric, maximum depths, whether the thread can be added before or needs to be added after manufacturing, and inserts and how they affect hole diameter and depth.

Protolabs Insight: CNC threading for milled and turned Parts

<a href="https://xometry.eu/en/xometry-finishing-service/" target="_blank">Anodising</a> is a post-processing operation used for finishing. It is a conversion coating method that converts the surface of aluminium, and other compatible metals, to their oxides. This electrochemical process increases the thickness of the oxide layer that occurs naturally on the surface of metallic parts.&nbsp;Unlike painting which adds a superficial layer to the material, the anodising process fully integrates the oxide layer with the underlying material, thus preventing it from peeling. This layer is a highly ordered and quite porous structure that allows other subsequent processes like colouring and sealing. The ideal material for anodising is aluminium. However, other metals such as magnesium and titanium can be anodised.Anodising is commonly carried out as a finishing process on parts made from <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/cnc-machining/" target="_blank">CNC machining</a> and <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/sheet-metal/" target="_blank">sheet metal fabrication</a>. It is a simple yet effective process that enhances the durability, wear resistance, hardness, and corrosion resistance of a part. It also improves aesthetics as it creates a shiny surface finish, with the option of colour, on parts.<h2>Anodising process: How does it work?</h2>Anodising is carried out using the <a href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells" target="_blank">electrolytic cell</a> electrochemical process. The aluminium to be anodised is thoroughly cleaned to remove impurities and immersed in an acid electrolyte bath. The cathode is mounted inside the anodising tank. The immersed aluminium becomes the aluminium anode.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1707398962676-image-5.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A simple electrolytic cell&nbsp;As direct electric current is passed between the anode and the cathode, oxygen ions released from the electrolytic bath migrate towards the aluminium and combine with atoms of the aluminium to form aluminium oxide. As a result, an anodic oxide barrier layer is formed on the surface of the part.This process changes the microscopic texture of the metal surface and the crystalline structure of the parent metal near the surface. Titanium racks and lead cathodes are the most ubiquitous cathodes for <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/cnc-machining-of-aluminium/" target="_blank">anodising aluminium</a>.<h2>What are the different types of anodising?</h2>There are three types of anodising that differ by electrolytic fluid:<h3>Type I Anodising: Chromic acid anodising</h3>In Type I, the electrolyte is chromic acid-based. Anodising with chromic acid forms a thin coating (the thickness depends on the process) and provides the least colour absorption during dyeing. This type is not commonly used as it offers not-so-great wear resistance and low porosity.<h3>Type II Anodising: &nbsp;Sulfuric acid anodising&nbsp;</h3>Type II sulfuric acid-based anodising creates a thickness of approximately 8 to 13 µm and has better colour absorption. It has good corrosion resistance and wear resistance.<h3>Type III Anodising: Hard anodising</h3>Type III is carried out using sulfuric acid, albeit at much lower temperatures. Hard anodising gives thicknesses in the range of 40 to 60 µm, the highest of the three types. Hard anodised aluminium parts are corrosion-resistant with excellent resistance to wear, and their layers have the highest porosity.&nbsp;A different kind of anodising commonly referred to as architectural anodising makes use of metallic ions.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1707399019261-cnc-machining-finish-black-hardcoat-anodize-768x512.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">CNC machined part with a black hardcoat anodising finish<h2 id="isPasted">Type II anodising vs. Type III hard anodising</h2>The major difference between Type II and Type III anodising is the thickness of the oxide layer. The oxide layer created by Type II anodising is much thinner than that of Type III.Type II anodised parts are great for cosmetic finishing, as they provide a smooth, attractive finish along with good resistance to corrosion and wear. However, if you need matte finished anodised aluminium parts, you need to bead blast the as-machined part before anodising. Type II is also best for implementing different permanent pigments into the anodised parts to get the desired colour finish.On the other hand, type III (hard) anodising is suitable for parts that need to remain functional in harsh environments, such as aerospace and automotive components. Parts that need excellent scratch-resistance properties and durability prefer Type III hard anodising over Type II anodising.<figure><table><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>Type II anodising</td><td>Type III hard anodising</td></tr><tr><td>Oxide layer</td><td>Thin</td><td>Thick</td></tr><tr><td>Part’s properties</td><td>Smooth finish, good resistance to corrosion and wear</td><td>Excellent scratch-resistance properties, remain functional in harsh environments</td></tr><tr><td>Natural appearance</td><td>Little bit yellowish</td><td>Brownish</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>Relatively cost effective</td><td>Type III is more expensive than Type II due to its thicker aluminium oxide layer, which requires more power for production </td></tr></tbody></table></figure><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nCIsL5E7Q60?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe><h2 id="isPasted">Materials used for anodising</h2>Anodising can only be carried out on conductive materials. The most common materials are aluminium alloys. Non-ferrous metals such as magnesium and <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/ms/cnc-machining/cnc-titanium/" target="_blank">titanium</a> can also be anodised.&nbsp;Other materials include zinc, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum. Ferrous metals are anodised using nitric acid or by using red fuming nitric acid for treatment. This forms a hard black iron (II, III) oxide that maintains conformity.&nbsp;Steel and other ferrous metals cannot be anodised as they will corrode when subjected to the anodising process.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1707399065480-Xometry_Product_Shots_230308_0199-768x512.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Anodised parts<h2 id="isPasted">Benefits of anodising aluminium</h2>The following are some of the benefits derived from anodising:<ul><li>Good surface properties: Anodising improves the surface properties of the material. It increases the part’s corrosion resistance as well as &nbsp;scratch and wear resistant</li><li>Better protection: Anodising aluminium offers better protection than painting as the protective layer is one with the part and can neither peel nor chip</li><li>Better surface absorption for coatings: The layer created has improved absorption, so paint primers and glue adherence on anodised metals are much better and improved than bare metals</li><li>Galling prevention: Anodising prevents galling (wear caused by adhesion of sliding surface) of threaded components such as bolts and nuts</li><li>Shiny surface finish: Anodising gives surfaces a shiny aesthetic finish. Also, it provides the option to apply a variety of colours to parts</li><li>Good insulation properties: It improves insulation properties as it produces parts with lower electrical conductivity compared to bare metal.</li></ul><h2>Anodising aluminium in different colours</h2>The standard colours available for anodised parts are clear, bronze, champagne and black. Other colours include; red, pink, gold, yellow, green, brown, black, blue, violet, olive drab and grey. But the most common colour is black followed by blue, red and gold.<h3>Dying</h3>An anodised aluminium part may be dyed or undyed. The part is dipped into a hot dye tank immediately and directly after anodising. A variety of colours can be obtained through this process.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1707399086300-image-8-768x512.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Anodised parts in blue<h3 id="isPasted">Electrolytic colouring&nbsp;</h3>Another way of adding colours to anodised aluminium parts is by electrolytic colouring. In this process, the part is immersed in another electrolytic solution together with metallic salts. These salts form coatings that are UV resistant. However, the possible colours are limited to black or bronze.<h3>Colour selection</h3>Colours for anodised parts can be often selected by either colour name or RAL code. Colour names specify commonly available colours simply by their name, such as green or red. This is the most commonly available option when selecting the colour for anodising.Large manufacturing plants can sometimes offer to anodise with the <a href="https://www.ralcolorchart.com/ral-classic" target="_blank">RAL colour code system</a> that gives very exact options for the required colour.&nbsp;The RAL system differentiates between various shades and types of a particular colour, thus providing a palette of numerous colours.&nbsp;For example, while the colour name will simply specify “grey”, the RAL chart specifies ” anthracite grey” with the code “RAL 7016”, along with various other types of grey.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1707399104639-Aluminium-metal-cnc-parts-color-Anodized-isolated-on-white.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">CNC machined parts anodised in different colours<h2 id="isPasted">Get anodised aluminium parts with Xometry</h2><a href="https://xometry.eu/en/" target="_blank">Xometry Europe</a> offers high quality hard and coloured anodising for all our aluminium parts. We offer various colours, including black, blue, gold, green, red, orange, and others.

This article explains the post-processing procedure of anodising, its benefits, and an overview of the possible colouring options.

Anodising Aluminium: An Effective Finishing Option

Corrosion is defined as the natural process that causes the transformation of metals into undesirable substances when they react with corrosive mediums like water or air.&nbsp;Corrosive mediums convert the metal into their respective oxides, sulfides and hydroxides (e.g rusting in iron) which cause damage and disintegration of the metal starting from the portion of the metal exposed to the environment and spreading to the complete metal.Corrosion resistant metal parts, on the other hand, offer resistance to these reactions and can hence be used in many fields from culinary to defence. To create such parts, two solutions stand out: choose corrosion resistant metal materials that are usually processed by <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/cnc-machining/" target="_blank">CNC machining</a>, <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/sheet-metal/" target="_blank">Sheet metal fabrications&nbsp;</a>and 3D printed via <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/direct-metal-laser-sintering/" target="_blank">direct metal laser sintering</a> (DMLS), or improve the parts’ resistance thanks to post-processing options.<h2>Way 1: Choose from the selections of common corrosion resistant metal materials</h2><h3>Stainless Steel</h3>Stainless steel is a family of about 200 alloys of steel with high heat and corrosion resistance. The carbon percentage ranges from 0.03% to 1.2% while its unique characteristic is the high amount of chromium. Stainless steel consists of about 10.5% of chromium that creates a passive oxidation layer that protects the metal from corrosion.Stainless steel can be classified into 3 main categories based on its microstructure:<ul><li>Austenitic Stainless Steel:&nbsp;Austenitic stainless steel consists of at least 18% of chromium and 8-12% nickel. It also has a mix of nitrogen, carbon, and many other elements. Chromium imparts high corrosion resistance, while nitrogen acts as a stiffening agent. This range of alloys is called 300-series stainless steels and common grades include <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/materials/stainless-steel-1-4301/" target="_blank">stainless steel 304</a> and <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/materials/stainless-steel-1-4404/" target="_blank">stainless steel 316</a> while the latter being the most corrosion-resistant material.</li><li>Martensitic Stainless Steel: Martensitic stainless steels usually contain 11.5–13% of chromium, 0.15% carbon, 0.1% manganese, molybdenum and sulphur or selenium. The range is called 400-series with the common grade being 420A. Carbon imparts strength to the alloy while the low chromium content makes it less corrosion resistant compared to the 300 series.</li><li>Ferritic Stainless Steel:&nbsp;Ferritic stainless steel is termed as a straight chromium non-hardenable class of stainless alloys that consist of chromium ranging from 10.5% to 30% and a carbon level below 20%. These steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment but can be slightly hardened by cold rolling. These are also a part of the 400-series while the 430A is the typical grade.</li></ul>Duplex Stainless SteelDuplex steel alloy contains two different phases as the name suggests. Duplex steels take the best properties from ferritic and austenitic phases and combine them into the most advanced corrosion-resistant metal. Typical grades are S32750 with 25% chromium, 7% nickel, and 4% molybdenum and 2205 with 22% chromium, 5% nickel, and 3% molybdenum. They are used in various challenging operations.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706686030341-DSC_0076-edited-768x512.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Stainless steel part produced with sheet metal<h3 id="isPasted">Superalloys</h3>Superalloys are high-performance metal alloys that offer corrosion resistance at high temperatures and excellent mechanical properties and. This is why these grades of corrosion-resistant metals are often used where high performance and corrosion resistance is needed (like aerospace and medical).&nbsp;Superalloys are differentiated by the main matrix element:<ul><li>Nickel Superalloy:&nbsp;Nickel-based superalloys not only offer excellent corrosion resistance but offer high strength and thermal resistance due to their low coefficient of thermal expansion. Unique properties like shape memory and excellent machinability make these materials special. <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/materials/inconel-718/" target="_blank">Inconel 718</a> is an example and can be 3D printed.</li><li>Cobalt Superalloy: Cobalt-based superalloys offer higher melting points compared to nickel- or iron-based counterparts. They also offer excellent hot corrosion resistance in comparison to nickel- or iron-based alloys. Cobalt-based superalloys are highly weldable compared to nickel-based alloys. Cobalt chrome powders can be 3D printed.</li><li>Iron Superalloy: Iron-based superalloys offer high strength at regular room temperature and are highly resistant to oxidation, creep, wear and corrosion. They are much cheaper than the above two.</li></ul><h3>Aluminium</h3>Aluminium has a high affinity to oxygen, thus forming a passive oxide layer which makes it corrosion proof. Most grades of aluminium are chemically resistant but grades 1xxx, 3xxx and 5xxx are the most resilient. They are tough in the pH range of 4.5 to 8.5 which is the general corrosive region. Anodising is a great way to add an anti-corrosion layer to normal aluminium.<ul><li>1xxx Series:&nbsp;This grade is super pure (about 99%) &nbsp;and has the best corrosion resistance in normal applications.</li><li>3xxx Series: Manganese is the main alloying element in the 3xxx series (Al-Mn alloys – up to 1.25% Mn) is the main alloying element in this series. That makes it slightly less resilient against corrosion compared to 1xxx aluminium. On the other hand, Manganese makes the alloy ductile. <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/materials/aluminium-3-2315/" target="_blank">Aluminium Al-Si1Mg</a> for instance has high-stress corrosion cracking resistance.</li><li>5xxx Series: Main alloying element in this type of aluminium is magnesium and has almost a similar corrosion resistance as 3xxx grade aluminium. It offers a high rate of work hardening and high corrosion resistance. It also offers a bright surface finish.</li></ul><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706686050356-DSC_0572-1-768x506.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Aluminium part produced with CNC machining<h3 id="isPasted">Copper Alloys</h3>Copper alloys have high thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, excellent hardness, and offer high-temperature strength. Copper offers good resistance against corrosion and is also included in other metal alloys to improve the respective corrosion resistance. The most common corrosion-resistant metals in the copper alloy family are:<ul><li>Bronze:&nbsp;One of the oldest known materials is bronze. Modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin. Bronze may also contain nickel, manganese, aluminium, silicon, zinc or arsenic. The small amounts of silicon added to the alloy improve the corrosion resistance.</li><li>Brass:&nbsp;Brasses are alloys of copper and zinc. They may also contain small amounts of tin to impart extra corrosion resistant properties whereas zinc may decrease the same. Brasses usually have high corrosion resistance and good tensile strength and have a lower melting point than bronze or even pure copper.</li></ul><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706686069761-Copper-electric-terminals-768x440.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Copper electric terminals<h3 id="isPasted">Titanium</h3>Titanium is a highly durable metal and is used widely for engineering applications because this metal is corrosion-resistant and has a good strength to weight ratio. It is 40% lighter than steel, yet as strong as high strength steel.&nbsp;Like other corrosion resistant metal materials, titanium also forms passive oxides without which it corrodes immediately. Titanium’s unique property is its resistance against chlorine. <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/materials/titanium-3-7164/" target="_blank">Titanium 3.7164</a> (Titan Grade 5) is a good example of corrosion-resistant material.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706686085844-Titanium-alloy-bolts-768x511.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Titanium alloy bolts<h3 id="isPasted">Comparing costs of parts productions using corrosion resistant materials</h3>Let’s have a cost comparison of the production of parts using different corrosion resistant metal materials from Xometry’s Instant Quote Engine:<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706686107365-Xometry-model-768x555.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><figure id="isPasted"><table><tbody><tr><td>Material</td><td>Manufacturing process</td><td>Cost per one unit</td><td>Unit cost per 10 pieces</td><td>Unit cost per 100 pieces</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel 304 / 1.4301</td><td>CNC</td><td>€ 211.61</td><td>€ 66.41</td><td>€ 23.74</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel 316L / 1.4404</td><td>CNC</td><td>€ 228.58</td><td>€ 72.75</td><td>€ 25.68</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel 316L / 1.4404</td><td>DMLS</td><td>€ 387.12</td><td>€ 294.83</td><td>Price on demand</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium AlSi10mg</td><td>CNC</td><td>€ 123.07</td><td>€ 35.35</td><td>€ 13.88</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium AlSi10mg</td><td>DMLS</td><td>€ 174.76</td><td>€ 89.19</td><td>€ 87.80</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium, T6Al4V</td><td>CNC</td><td>€ 705.35</td><td>€ 215.06</td><td>€ 55.12</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium, T6Al4V</td><td>DMLS</td><td>€ 387.12</td><td>€ 294.83</td><td>Price on demand</td></tr><tr><td>Inconel 718</td><td>DMLS</td><td>€ 487.77</td><td>€ 333.16</td><td>Price on demand</td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt Alloy, CoCr</td><td>DMLS</td><td>€ 522.61</td><td>€ 619.15</td><td>Price on demand</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2>Way 2: Improve parts’ resistance to corrosion with post-processing treatments</h2>The corrosion resistance of CNC machined, sheet metal and 3D printed parts can also be improved thanks to various surface finishing options:<ul><li>Anodising: A metal on machining, (mainly aluminium parts) uses oxidation processing to harden the surface of the part to resist wear.</li><li>Spray paint processing: The spray paint prevents the part from rust, such as daily necessities, electrical enclosures, pipes, etc.</li><li>Electroplating: The surface of the part is coated with other non-corrosive metal to avoid corrosion. Sometimes the below mentioned corrosion resistant metals are coated on normal metals to increase their life.</li><li>Surface polishing: The surface burr processing is performed on CNC machined parts in order to cut the sharp burrs that are produced as a result of the machining. It is advised to polish the sharp part of the corner into a smooth face so that it will not cause harm to the human body during use.</li></ul><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706686128520-Spray-powder-coating.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Spray paint processing<h2 id="isPasted">Conclusion</h2>Xometry Europe offers&nbsp;<a href="https://xometry.eu/en/cnc-machining/" target="_blank">CNC machining</a> and&nbsp;<a href="https://xometry.eu/en/direct-metal-laser-sintering/" target="_blank">metal 3D printing</a> services online, for on-demand 3D printing projects, for both prototypes and large batches. With a network of more than 2,000 partners all over Europe, Xometry is able to deliver 3D printing parts in up to 3 days. Upload your CAD files to&nbsp;<a href="https://my.xometry.eu/quote?locale=en" target="_blank">Xometry Instant Quoting Engine</a> to get an instant quote with various manufacturing options available for CNC machining and DMLS 3D printing.

This article sums up the different ways of manufacturing corrosion resistant metal parts, with suitable metal materials, related technological processes and post-processing options.

17 Corrosion-Resistant Options for Your Parts: Metals & Post-Processing

Digital manufacturer, <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-inspiron-academy-0124&utm_content=wevolver-inspiron-academy-0124" target="_blank">Protolabs</a>, has launched its inspirON academy. A series of free CPD-accredited online training courses, inspirON academy aims to tackle a widening skills gap by helping engineers at any stage in their career to increase their understanding of designing for injection moulding, 3D printing and CNC machining.Created by engineers, for engineers, the courses incorporate between 6 – 9 hours’ worth of engaging and dynamic content – including articles, webinars and videos – enabling people to learn in a way that suits them best.The courses cover the fundamentals of these three key production processes, including how to choose the right technology and material for your part and how to design with manufacturability in mind to create more effective and cost-efficient parts. A final assessment and certificate are also included.Chris Bentley, EMEA Development Engineer at global manufacturer Panduit, who completed the 3D printing course, says: “As someone who has been in and around the 3D printing industry for years -without really understanding the fundamental principles, I found the course really valuable. The content was well communicated and structured, as well as being relevant.”Rob Musselle, Customer Engineer Manager for Europe at Protolabs, adds: “It’s been widely publicised that the engineering sector is facing a growing skills gap. Learning and development have a key role to play in future-proofing manufacturing businesses and enabling individuals to master new tools and technologies. &nbsp;“The inspirON academy is part of our drive to educate the next generation of engineers. The courses we’ve created draw on the combined expertise of our team to help individuals develop their skillset – whether they’ve just started in the industry or are seasoned professionals looking for a refresher.”Protolabs encourages those completing its courses to share their feedback, as the company looks to improve and develop the content further.Anyone can access the inspirON academy for free <a href="https://www.protolabs.com/en-gb/resources/inspiron-academy/?utm_source=wevolver&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=uk-inspiron-academy-0124&utm_content=wevolver-inspiron-academy-0124" target="_blank">here</a>.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1706626030917-InspirON_Academy_Banner_Strapline_1800x820_QuickLink.jpg" style="width: 765px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">

Digital manufacturer, Protolabs, has launched its inspirON academy. A series of free CPD-accredited online training courses.

Protolabs tackles manufacturing skills gap with launch of inspirON academy

Just-out-of-CNC machined metal parts naturally have visible tool marks, sharp edges and burrs. Apart from decreasing the aesthetic value, they may also have inaccurate dimensions and <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/tolerances-in-cnc-machining/" target="_blank">tolerances</a>. In order to deliver a properly finished part, surface finish treatments are strongly recommended both in CNC machining.These post processing operations not only improve the strength of the material but also impart anti-corrosive properties and improve surface roughness.<h2>Heat treatments and surface finishes</h2>The two most common post-processing operations used in the <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/cnc-machining/" target="_blank">CNC machining</a> manufacturing process are heat treatments (annealing, case hardening) and surface treatments (bead blasting, powder coating…). Applying the right surface finishes help improve <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/selecting-right-surface-roughness-for-cnc-machining/" target="_blank">surface roughness</a> as well as the aesthetic and functional properties of the CNC machined parts.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570735173-cnc-metal-mating-egg-009-20170906-480x320.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The CNC machining surface of parts has visible tool marks<h2 id="isPasted">Heat treatment finishing options for CNC machining</h2>The heat treatment operation improves the physical and mechanical properties of the metal by carefully heating and cooling the metal. The general properties like strength, hardness, ductility, malleability, formability and elasticity can be increased or decreased by this procedure. The operations related to heat treatments are as follows.<h3>Annealing</h3>The annealing process involves the heating of a metal to or near the temperature at which recrystallisation begins without change in the stresses. After heating, the metal should be cooled to room temperature in the oven or put in the sand. This slow cooling of metal increases elasticity in the metal by reducing its hardness, thereby improving the cold working capacity of the metal.It is generally used for steel alloys, but it can also be used for copper, aluminium and brass.<h3>Tempering</h3>Tempering is a heat treatment method that is mainly dedicated to reducing the amount of hardness of metals. It involves heating the metal to a temperature below the critical point. The temperature is adjusted depending on the amount of hardness that needs to be reduced and it varies depending on the metal type as well.In general, low temperatures reduce brittleness while keeping most of the hardness intact. Higher temperatures, on the other hand, reduce hardness and increase elasticity and plasticity but reduce some yield and tensile strength.&nbsp;Gradual heating is recommended to avoid the steel being cracked. The metal is then held at this temperature for a fixed period. Steel alloys are prominently tempered for enhanced properties.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570753421-Tempering-Steel-1440x964.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">CNC machined parts during the tempering surface finish process<h3 id="isPasted">Case hardening</h3>Case-hardening or carburising is a heat treatment process which includes hardening the surface of metal while allowing the metal underneath to remain soft. As the name implies, carburising is inducting carbon or nitrogen into low-carbon alloys at elevated temperatures so that the <a href="https://xometry.eu/en/steel-hardening-explained/" target="_blank">hardenability</a> increases.&nbsp;This surface finish can be applied to the part before or after the CNC machining process.<h3>Through hardening</h3>Through hardening differs from case hardening where, instead of just the surface, the whole alloy is made to have relatively similar hardenability. This can be achieved by introducing carbon into the alloy matrix and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenching" target="_blank">quenching&nbsp;</a>it repeatedly in brine or in water. Oil quenching can also be used.<h2>CNC surface finish options at Xometry</h2>The operations related to surface finishes are as follows.<h3>Bead blasting</h3>Bead blasting involves spraying a pressurised stream of tiny beads of media, plastic or glass beads, from a nozzle onto the surface of the part. This removes the burrs and imperfections, leaving a smooth finish. In addition, the end product resembles a uniform satin finish.Bead blasting is done in a closed chamber. Blasting with glass beads is more common for CNC machined parts. Since the surface is matte, it is ideal as a preliminary surface finish treatment for painting and dying. Bead blasting before anodising is also an ideal surface preparation, creating a non-reflective surface.&nbsp;The recommended part size is 6-600 mm in both height and width. Smaller parts are hard to hold and tough to produce an even surface.<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7C1cX3bUOa0?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe><h3 id="isPasted">Electroless nickel plating</h3>Electroless nickel or nickel phosphorus plating involves the deposition of an even layer of nickel-phosphorus alloy on the top surface of the solid substrate, like aluminium or steel. The substrate is dipped into a water solution containing nickel salts and phosphorus-reducing agents.Unlike electroplating, this procedure plates the substrate uniformly while the former suffers from uneven current density and resistance of the substrate.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570796277-cnc-machining-finish-nIckel-plated-1440x958.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">CNC machined part with a nickel plating surface finish, previously polished<h3 id="isPasted">Powder coating</h3>The powder coating process involves free-flowing dry powder which is coated on a substrate. Unlike the normal liquid paint which utilises evaporating solvent, powder coating is applied electrostatically and cured under heat or UV light. The powder can be of thermoplastic or a thermoset polymer.The finish is usually tougher and even compared to conventional coats. Metals like aluminium and steel can be efficiently coated with polymer powders.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570815622-cnc-machining-finish-powder-coat-1440x960.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Powder coating is a common surface finish for the manufacturing process of CNC machining<h3 id="isPasted">Electropolishing</h3>Electropolishing is the exact opposite of electroplating. In the latter, the substrate is a cathode and the sacrificial anode imparts its ions to the cathode. Here, it is reversed where the substrate is an anode and its ions travel towards the cathode.In this process, the micro peaks and valleys are levelled out. It is a very good technique for deburring and reducing the average surface roughness.<h3>Passivation</h3>Passivation is a process primarily involving stainless steel which mainly comprises iron, chromium and nickel. The anti-corrosion properties of stainless steel are provided by chromium in the alloy as it naturally produces a layer of chromium oxide on the surface while the free iron facilitates corrosion.Passivation involves the immersion of stainless steel in an acid bath (e.g. Nitric acid) which dissolves free iron and improves the strength of chromium oxide, thereby countering corrosion.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570833597-Fastners-finished-in-zinc-passivate-1440x960.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Fasteners with zinc passivate surface finish<h3 id="isPasted">Anodising</h3>Anodising is similar to passivation as it improves the thickness of the oxide layer thereby making the metal surface corrosion resistant. It is highly common for aluminium in CNC machining. It differs from passivation where instead of just dipping in acid, an electrolytic process is involved. Hence it is also called electrolytic passivation.In anodising, aluminium alloy is dipped in a sulphuric acid electrolyte and used as an anode. When a cathode (inert material like stainless steel, nickel, carbon etc) is placed and electricity is passed, oxygen flows to the anode and reacts forming an anodic oxide. This anodic oxide mostly contains aluminium oxide which protects against corrosion.&nbsp;The electrolytes are usually:<ul><li>10–15% solution sulphuric acid at 25°C which produces an oxide layer of about 25µm/hr</li><li>Mixture of oxalic and sulphuric acids at 30°C, producing about 30µm/hr</li><li>10% chromic acid operating at 38–42°C, producing about 15µm/hr</li></ul>Anodising also imparts a coarse and grainy surface finish to the metal. It also facilitates the trapping of dye in the oxide layer, thereby giving a near-permanent colour.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570853355-Copy-of-cnc-metal-anodized-red-010-20171107-1440x960.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">CNC machined part with a red anodised surface finish<h3 id="isPasted">Zinc coating / Galvanising</h3>Galvanising is mainly associated with steel. Also known as hot-dip galvanising is a process of immersing steel in a bath of molten zinc, thereby coating the steel with multiple layers of zinc-iron alloy and zinc metal.It is because the zinc chemically reacts with ferrous content in the steel and diffuses the coating perpendicular to the surface creating a uniform thick layer along the surface.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1705570874568-Metalic-pieces-galvanized-on-zinc-bath-1440x961.webp" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Metallic pieces with galvanised surface finish<h2 id="isPasted">Surface finishes for CNC machining available at Xometry</h2>The table below sums up the various surface finish options you can choose to obtain the desired surface finish and surface texture.<figure id="isPasted"><table><tbody><tr><td>Surface finish</td><td>Suitable material(s)</td><td>Benefits</td></tr><tr><td>Annealing</td><td>Steel alloys, copper, aluminium, brass</td><td>• Enhance electrical conductivity • Softens material for cold working • Improves machinability</td></tr><tr><td>Tempering</td><td>Steel alloys, copper, aluminium, brass</td><td>• Increase hardness, ductility, strength</td></tr><tr><td>Case hardening</td><td>Steel alloys, copper, aluminium, brass</td><td>• Improves surface toughness • Increases corrosion resistance</td></tr><tr><td>Through hardening</td><td>Steel alloys, copper, aluminium, brass</td><td>• Improves overall alloy toughness</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc coating / Galvanising</td><td>Steel</td><td>• Improves surface corrosion resistance</td></tr><tr><td>Passivation</td><td>Stainless steel</td><td>• Increase the part’s resistance to corrosion</td></tr><tr><td>Anodising (orange, red, purple, gold, yellow, black, green, blue and clear anodising)</td><td>Steel alloys, copper, aluminium, brass</td><td>• Gives a shiny aesthetic finish • Increase the part’s resistance to corrosion</td></tr><tr><td>Electroless nickel plating</td><td>Aluminium, steel alloys</td><td>• Improves the surface • Cost effective</td></tr><tr><td>Powder coating</td><td>Aluminium, steel alloys</td><td>• Increase strength • Good base for dyeing</td></tr><tr><td>Electropolishing</td><td>Aluminium</td><td>• Even and shiny surface • Corrosion resistant and high weldability</td></tr><tr><td>Bead blasting</td><td>Stainless steel, aluminium, brass, copper</td><td>• Smoother surface • Widely used surface finish</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h2>Source CNC machined parts with finishes at Xometry</h2>Surface finish is a very important operation for the CNC machining manufacturing process. Heat treatment improves the overall properties of the metal whereas surface finishes mostly make the metal resist corrosion.Xometry offers&nbsp;<a href="https://xometry.eu/en/cnc-machining/" target="_blank">CNC machining services</a> (CNC turning and CNC milling machining processes) throughout Europe and our experienced team is always ready to help you.&nbsp;<a href="https://get.xometry.eu/?locale=en" target="_blank">Upload your files to Xometry Instant Quoting Engine</a> and get a quote in a matter of seconds for your CNC machining projects.

This article is aimed at providing an overview of surface finish options for CNC machined metal parts and helping you select the right finishes for your applications.

Surface Finishes for CNC Machining

IntroductionEmbarking on the journey of CNC machining can feel like stepping into a realm of complexity, but with advancements like desktop CNC machines, the entry barrier has significantly lowered. In this detailed technical guide, we'll explore the essentials, debunk myths, and introduce you to the world of desktop CNC machining using examples like <a href="https://www.apsx.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APSX Machines</a>. Let's equip you with the knowledge to navigate this fascinating landscape.1. The Power of DeterminationThe Challenge:CNC machining demands precision, yet desktop CNC machines like those from APSX Machines make this challenge more accessible. Although they are portable and small, they are precision machines with industry-standard precision.Practical Steps:Imagine designing a prototype for a personal project using a desktop CNC machine. Set achievable goals, such as understanding the basics of tool selection and mastering the software interface. Celebrate each successful run on your desktop CNC, knowing that your determination is opening doors to precision manufacturing.2. Mastering Basic Math SkillsThe Myth:Contrary to the misconception that advanced math is a prerequisite, desktop CNC machines simplify the application of mathematical concepts.The Reality:Picture yourself creating a custom part using APSX's desktop CNC. Basic math skills in geometry and mathematics are essential but are applied in a user-friendly software environment. Explore tutorials provided by APSX Machines, envisioning a hands-on approach to learning CNC programming with ease.Recommended Resources:Consider <a href="https://www.apsx.com/support" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APSX's learning materials</a> that emphasize practical examples tailored for desktop CNC machining. Imagine honing your mathematical skills with direct applications to your projects.3. Embracing the Learning CurveUnderstanding the Curve:Desktop CNC machines often have gentler learning curves compared to their industrial counterparts, making the CNC journey less intimidating.Strategies for Success:Envision encountering a challenge on your desktop CNC and overcoming it with the support of APSX's team. Engage in projects that gradually enhance your skills. Picture yourself exploring forums such as <a href="https://www.practicalmachinist.com/forum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Practical Machinist</a> and <a href="https://www.cnczone.com/forums/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CNCZone</a> where fellow desktop CNC enthusiasts share insights, creating an environment conducive to learning.4. Unveiling OpportunitiesBeyond the Basics:Imagine having mastered the fundamentals on a desktop CNC machine. APSX Machines opens doors to affordable yet powerful solutions.Exploring Specializations:Envision specializing in precision machining with <a href="https://www.apsx.com/apsx-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APSX's desktop CNC models</a>, offering versatility in applications. Picture yourself contributing to small-scale manufacturing or prototyping with ease, thanks to the accessible technology provided by APSX Machines.ConclusionEmbarking on the CNC machining journey is an exciting endeavor, especially with accessible solutions like APSX Machines. With determination, basic math skills, and a user-friendly learning curve, you'll unlock the vast potential within the desktop CNC machining realm. Are you ready to turn your ideas into precision reality? Your adventure begins now.#CNCMachining #DesktopCNC #PrecisionManufacturing #apsxnano #spydercnc #desktopmachines #desktopmanufacturing #swisscnc #LearningJourney #DeterminationPaysOff

Ever considered diving into the fascinating world of CNC machining, only to be discouraged by naysayers claiming it's too complex or challenging? Well, let's debunk those myths and ignite your passion for mastering CNC machining concepts.

Embarking on the journey of CNC machining

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