<h4 id="isPasted">How Forward AM and OECHSLER Enable Robots and Humans to Collaborate Safely at Profitable Speed</h4><p>In today&rsquo;s modern factories around the globe, many production steps are automated and carried out by robots.</p><div data-parent="true" data-section="2"><div data-imgready="true"><div data-imgready="true"><hr><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Humans sharing a workspace and collaborating with robots has become a reality that companies and their smart factories just can&rsquo;t do without, as it allows flexible manufacturing in variable batch sizes with maximum efficiency. In short, successful human-machine interaction is key for future-proof manufacturing.</span></p></div><p>With Additive Manufacturing (AM), it is now possible to create new functionalities for robots and to unlock novel possibilities. The AM technology is perfectly suited for the production of small, customized batches for robotic parts like grippers &ndash; and it is ideally capable to integrate internal ducts, as air pressure and vacuums play an important role in this industry.</p></div></div><div data-parent="true" data-section="3"><div data-imgready="true"><h2>The challenge &ndash; safe human-robot collaboration at profitable speed</h2><p>Collaborative robots (short: cobots) become increasingly present in manufacturing. Designed to work alongside humans in shared areas, they work together &lsquo;hand in hand&rsquo; &nbsp;&ndash; which makes it crucial to ensure safety by avoiding collisions of cobot and human co-worker.</p><p>This is prevalently achieved by inherent optical sensors which trigger an immediate stop of the cobot in case of unexpected contact: whenever a human co-worker enters the defined warning zone, the system lowers its speed to a minimum and if the person keeps approaching, the system stops &ndash; only after the individuum departs, the system accelerates back to full speed. It&rsquo;s obvious: this results in highly limited processing speeds of the cobot and thus higher cost and lower productivity for the manufacturing company. These interruptions in the workflow may lead to unstable cycle times as well, and foremost &ndash; it is absolutely contrary to the intention of cobots being deployed flexibly and easy to integrate as a plug-and-play system: To achieve an appropriate reaction to an approaching human co-worker, cobots have to be programmed accordingly; always depending on the cobot&rsquo;s task, its exact form of cooperation with the human worker, and its physical position in the factory. Whenever the cobot is deployed at another workstation on the assembly line, or performs different tasks and movements, its programming has to be adapted. This limited flexibility only allows pre-defined reactions of the cobot.</p></div></div><div data-parent="true" data-section="4"><div data-imgready="true"><h2>The solution &ndash; a protective lattice skin for cobots made of Forward AM&rsquo;s Ultrasint&reg; TPU01</h2><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 768px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1686124163231-forward-am-use-case-cobotics-roboskin-3-1.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner"></span></span></span></p><div id="isPasted"><div><p>The cobot Kuka iiwa with mounted RoboSkin made from lattice structures printed with Ultrasint&reg; TPU01. (Source: OECHSLER).&nbsp;</p></div></div><p></p><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">A new approach by Forward AM and OECHSLER, a leading German polymer processing company, enables humans and cobots to share a workspace without any safety risks and manufacturing companies to keep productivity constantly high.</span></p><p>How? By adding a new layer to the current solution &ndash; literally. A thin, high cushioning second &lsquo;skin layer&rsquo; is wrapped around the cobot&rsquo;s joints. Using Forward AM&rsquo;s <a href="https://forward-am.com/find-material/powder-bed-fusion/ultrasint-tpu-line/tpu01/" target="_blank">Ultrasint<sup>&reg;</sup> TPU01</a> to 3D print the RoboSkin enables a flexible and individualized lattice structure. <a href="https://forward-am.com/find-material/powder-bed-fusion/ultrasint-tpu-line/tpu01/" target="_blank">Ultrasint<sup>&reg;</sup> TPU01</a> is a thermoplastic polyurethane powder specifically designed for HP 5200 series Multi Jet Fusion printers. This flexible material is ideal for producing parts requiring high shock absorption at excellent flexibility depending on the functional requirements of the application, making it the perfect match for the cobot&rsquo;s protective skin and its cushioning function.</p><p>The benefits of the lattice RoboSkin are manifold. Putting safety first, it reduces the risk of injuries to human workers interacting with the cobot. At the same time, production speed can be increased strikingly: Since the collision forces and pressures are highly damped by the RoboSkin, the cobot&rsquo;s speed can accordingly be higher up to 150 percent&ndash; thus enabling increased productivity for the manufacturer.</p><p>The overall handling of the skin is easy: Because the RoboSkin works as a mechanical collision buffer, it requires no additional sensors, just the TPU layer that takes up only minimal installation space and is mounted with an easy system. Moreover, the lattice design of the skin is easily, rapidly and cost-effectively adaptable to every cobot type, thanks to the advantages of 3D printing. In production halls, cobots are often deployed at different workstations. The RoboSkin eliminates the need for dismantling, re-assembly and re-calibration, thus saving time and cost.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 768px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1686124103917-forward-am-use-case-cobotics-roboskin-1-1.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner"></span></span></span></p><div id="isPasted"><div><p>Thanks to Additive Manufacturing and its design freedom, the RoboSkin is easily adaptable to different shapes and functionalities of each cobot. This image shows a RoboSkin for the axes 2 and 3 of the cobot Kuka iiwa created with a lattice structure printed with Ultrasint&reg; TPU01. (Source: OECHSLER).&nbsp;</p></div></div><p></p></div></div><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 768px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1686124118929-forward-am-use-case-cobotics-roboskin-2-1.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">Different axis, different RoboSkin &ndash; this image shows a cover for the axis 4 of the cobot Kuka iiwa (Source: OECHSLER).&nbsp;</span></span></span></p><blockquote><div data-imgready="true" id="isPasted"><p>&ldquo;The RoboSkin solves a complex problem with a seemingly simple solution, enabling the end user to optimize the productivity of the human-robot-collaboration application. With AM, we can offer a configurable soft skin according to the safety needs at reasonable pricing &ndash; and which is reliable, easy to handle, lightweight, space-saving and permeable to ensure profitable performance.&rdquo;</p><p><strong>Meike Wischgoll, Program Manager, OECHSLER</strong></p></div></blockquote><div data-parent="true" data-section="4"><div data-imgready="true"><div data-parent="true" data-section="6"><div data-imgready="true"><p>Together, OECHSLER and Forward AM are enabling a solution that delivers a significant increase in safety <em id="isPasted">and</em> productivity. Harnessing the advantages of AM, human workers and cobots can work together at minimum risk of injury while maximizing productivity.</p></div></div></div></div>

Humans sharing a workspace and collaborating with robots has become a reality that companies and their smart factories just can’t do without, as it allows flexible manufacturing in variable batch sizes with maximum efficiency. In short, successful human-machine interaction is key for future-proof manufacturing.

Protective Lattice Layer for Cobots

<p id="isPasted">In a warehouse or production facility, packing refers to the process of preparing goods and products for shipment or storage by placing them into appropriate containers or packaging materials. Packing presents many challenges that can significantly impact operational efficiency and overall productivity. One primary concern is the traditional toll it takes on the human-labor force. The labor-intensive nature of packing tasks can lead to workforce fatigue and decreased morale, potentially affecting safety and productivity.</p><p>This article explores the need and benefits of automated packing solutions to streamline warehouses and production facilities, reduce time to delivery and increase safety. It highlights the features and applications of BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup>, a new automated packaging solution with modular components and click-and-play-based software.</p><h1>Challenges in Packaging</h1><p>To understand the challenges in packing, it&rsquo;s crucial to understand the stages of packaging and packing along the &lsquo;product to pallet&rsquo; line. A product packaged in its for-consumption form is known as its primary packaging. Secondary packaging is used to group a certain number of products to create a stock-keeping unit, commonly referred to as a SKU. This helps the handling of smaller products and also adds a layer of protection for them during transport. Tertiary, bulk, or transit packaging is used to group larger quantities of SKUs to transport them from point A to point B (e.g. from the production facility to the point of sale). An example of tertiary packaging is a stretch-wrapped pallet containing a number of cardboard boxes (secondary packaging) to enable efficient product shipping.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMTgxOTgyNjU5LTEgZmxleC5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" spellcheck="false">A warehouse with a manual packing process.</span></span></span></p><p>The challenges in automating packing lie at the secondary and tertiary stages because the conventional method of manual packing is costly and time-consuming due to the need for a large amount of labor. Complex packing requirements such as multiple product types and fragile items increase this labor need. This can then be further increased by seasonal demand.&nbsp;</p><h1 id="isPasted">BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup>: An Innovative Packing Solution</h1><p>An example of an innovative solution for packing automation is BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup>, a solution from <a href="https://www.flexlink.com/en" target="_blank">FlexLink</a><u>, a Coesia company</u>. BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup> is a modular, click-and-play software-based solution that reduces manual operations and provides an easy way to customize the process in co-packing lines. The solution was launched at <a href="https://www.interpack.com/vis/v1/en/exhprofiles/rOVtwM2eQ46OgVnf1sGOVw?oid=55128&lang=2&_query=flexlink" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Interpack 2023</a> and can be seen live until 10 May.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMTgyMDM0MTM1LTIzMDMwMl9CUklYWF9wcm9kdWN0aW9saW5lX0xpZ2h0R3JleV9CYWNrZ3JvdW5kLTMwMDB4MjEyMS01ODliZDMxLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" spellcheck="false">Mixing of products with BRIXX&reg; modules Image credit: FlexLink.</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">With BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup>, companies can automate operations for various products, including packages, cartons, and trays. The flexible system provided by Flexlink is scalable to meet varying production needs while remaining affordable and user-friendly. This is possible through advanced mobile conveyor modules and the use of robots to automate repetitive manual packing and co-packing processes.</p><h3>Modular approach to packing</h3><p>The BRIXX&reg; system comprises conveyor and robot modules that work with an intuitive software overlay. The modules are easy to move, connect, and power and can be configured in various ways to suit the packing needs of thier location. They are also equipped with visual indicators for operational status, a built-in vision system, and automatic calibration. The modules use the same power connection, simplifying their setup and maintenance.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMTgyMDc5MjU3LWZsZXgyLnBuZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" spellcheck="false"><em id="isPasted">The&nbsp;</em><em>BRIXX&reg; units can be configured in various ways to handle diverse packing tasks.&nbsp;</em></span></span></span>&nbsp;</p><p id="isPasted">Packing facilities can leverage the modularity and ease of set-up of BRIXX&reg; to become a hyper-agile packing line. A facility may set up one configuration of BRIXX&reg; for one packing task, such as palletizing, and then quickly reconfigure to enable them to complete a different type of task, such as labeling. This modular &lsquo;super power&rsquo; means packing facilities can offer more services to their customers and manage unexpected requests rapidly.</p><p>The robotic arm module has a moveable, connectable base with a multi-degree robotic arm with a single or multi-pick vacuum gripper. The conveyor belt line is a simple unit with a speed-adjustable conveyor belt that can link to other units to form continuous packing lines.&nbsp;</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMTgyMTkyNjY5LUZsZXhMaW5rLTIzMDIyMi0xNS0yMDQ4eDEzNjUtMjNmMTY2My5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" spellcheck="false">The modules click and connect using the same modular system. Image credit: FlexLink.</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">The flexible combination of BRIXX&reg; modules enables various operations with the same hardware and software. Production companies or co-packers can automate packing actions such as pick-and-place, mixing, labeling, re-labeling, palletizing, or de-palletizing for increased productivity and efficiency. Product transformations, such as case forming, tray forming, and carton closing, are optionally available.</p><p><br></p><h3><strong>BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup> Software&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup> software is designed to be user-friendly and easy to operate. It has drag-and-drop functionality that enables the rapid setup and adjustment of the system. A functioning automated packing line can be set up with the assistance of step-by-step visual instructions. Additionally, the software provides real-time production monitoring through overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) indicators and alarms. Its human-machine interface also allows you to plan for ordinary and extraordinary maintenance.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMTgyMjQ1MTY4LUZsZXhMaW5rLTIzMDIyMi0yOC0yMDQ4eDEzNjUtMjNmMTY2My5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" spellcheck="false">The BRIXX&reg; software enables users to design efficient packing lines, check for maintenance, and monitor processes. Image credit: FlexLink.</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">Hence, the user can rearrange the robotic modules and change instructions and configurations in the code according to the hardware setup. The system supports up to 5 different conveyor layouts.</p><p>The BRIXX&reg; software also features a built-in SKU management system with a selector guide, allowing the user to manage inventory. It also features MES-ERP integration tools thanks and an optional unified name-space MQTT open interface to support inventory management for packaging and labeling units.</p><p><iframe id="644a3752133e690008b02766" width="250" class="specs-iframe" height="420" src="https://wevolver.com/iframe/specs/brixx-packaging-automation-system?iframe=true" frameborder="0" scrolling="true" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe><br></p><p>The system also allows up to 4 user levels to help set up various permissions and restrictions on controls. It has real-time monitoring features that include alarms and OEE indicators. Moreover, remote assistance packages and an integrated HMI system are helpful for preventative maintenance and planning.</p><p>The software features PackML standard support backup and restores features in IPC for additional security. Each unit has a dedicated software license and an additional Android application to enhance functionality for packaging line operators.</p><p>The BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup> solution enables companies to quickly adapt to the increasing demand for automation to increase efficiency and lower costs. The system&rsquo;s unique modularity ensures companies can lower thier risk while being prepared for seasonal and consumer changes.&nbsp;</p><h3>Applications</h3><p>The BRIXX&reg; system is suitable for many standard packing applications required by warehouses and other packing facilities. Common applications include adding boxes to pallets, known as palletizing, removing boxes from pallets, adding SKUs to other tertiary packaging, and labeling and relabelling.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMTgyMzM5OTI2LWFwcGxpZmxleC5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h1 id="isPasted">Conclusion</h1><p>Automated packing solutions can increase efficiency and reduce costs and material waste by contributing to reduced packaging time and a company&#39;s sustainable footprint. FlexLink&#39;s BRIXX<sup>&reg;</sup> solution combines robot modules with intuitive software to automate secondary and tertiary packing applications.&nbsp;</p><h3>Learn more about BRIXX<sup id="isPasted">&reg;</sup></h3><p>Flexlink is launching the BRIXX<sup id="isPasted">&reg;&nbsp;</sup> solution during <a href="https://www.interpack.com/vis/v1/en/exhprofiles/rOVtwM2eQ46OgVnf1sGOVw?oid=55128&lang=2&_query=flexlink" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Interpak 2023</a>. Visit them at their stand in Hall 6/D31.&nbsp;</p>

An automated packing system leveraging modular components and intuitive software to address labor-intensive challenges, optimize operational efficiency, and streamline product handling processes. 

Modular Automated Packing System Offers New Flexibility and Agility

<h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Introduction</h2><p dir="ltr">As more enterprises accept the usage of robotics, automation is gaining traction rapidly. Robotics and robotic-assisted commodities are swiftly spreading through the industrial, medical, and commercial sectors. This is ascribed to the advantages of automation, which include the use of better and more efficient procedures. New design strategies that emphasize smaller, more compact assemblies with excellent accuracy and dependability are starting to take shape. In other words, the sectors mentioned above can increase production while also lowering the possibility of accidents in their manufacturing facility. The majority of enterprises are moving toward using robotic arms to perform operations like pick-and-place, packing, paintwork, and assembling, among others.</p><p dir="ltr">In the medical sector, for instance, robotics can be utilized by an orthopedic surgeon for robotic joint replacement surgery like robotic knee replacement, for either total knee replacement or partial knee replacement, and for complete hip replacement surgeries, which are becoming more common due to osteoarthritis. A robotic knee replacement is similar to a traditional knee replacement. Just that a robotic-assisted knee replacement delivers a better balance in the soft tissues and ligaments around a patient&rsquo;s knee and better aligns the joint in more complicated circumstances leading to a faster recovery in patients. Be aware that in robotic-assisted surgery, robots simply provide the surgeon with tools to employ via a console; they do not do surgery.</p><p dir="ltr">Robotic arms also relieve human employees from risky duties that can put them in physical harm. The robotic arm&#39;s torso, wrist, and end effectors all have distinct roles to play. For these different parts to work accurately, robotic joints must be present. This article delves explicitly into the different robotic joints to give you a better understanding.[1] Read on.</p><h2 dir="ltr">What are Robot Joints?</h2><p dir="ltr">Robot joints are the moveable parts of a robot that allow adjacent links to move in relation to one another. These links refer to the rigid components that connect the joints to ensure proper and efficient operation. Like the bones in a human arm, movable segments in a robot are linked up with these robotic joints. And every part, like the human body, is a complex system made up of many smaller, closely coupled components. The robotic joints, also known as axes, are necessary and useful to make sure that the arm&#39;s range of motion is unrestricted and unhindered.</p><p dir="ltr">In robotic technology, the robot is controlled by computer systems and a mechanical actuator. A series of link and joint configurations make up a robot&#39;s mechanical actuator. This demonstrates how, for best operation, the industrial robotic arm uses a combination of links and joints. To ensure high precision and accuracy during an application, it is crucial to check that the actuator&#39;s joints are functioning properly.</p><p dir="ltr">The provision and maintenance of robotic arm mobility depend on robot joints. Each joint has a motor or actuator that gives it the ability to move relative to other joints. Every robotic joint has a unique range of motion or degree of freedom (DoF). The sole feasible and attainable direction of motion at a joint is referred to as its DoF. The robot will be able to reach more space if it has more joints since more joints give it more degrees of freedom. You can choose the sort of robotic arm you want to use depending on the duties you want to handle by learning more about the robotic joints.[2]</p><h2 dir="ltr">Types of Mechanical Joints for Robots</h2><p dir="ltr">As was previously said, the robot joints are a crucial component of a robot that enables the links to move in various ways. Each joint typically gives the robot one degree of freedom (DoF) of motion. Given that various robot types are employed in the manufacturing sector, there are also various mechanical joints. Particularly when it comes to the kind of robot to be employed, these joints have different motions and applications.</p><p dir="ltr">Five main types of mechanical joints are used in robotic arms that you need to take into consideration. Since two of the joints are linear, the relative motion between the adjacent links is translational. Translational motion is when all points of a moving body move uniformly in the same direction. An object&#39;s orientation will not change if it is moving in a translational direction. When an object travels in a way that causes all of its particles to move in parallel, it is said to be in perfect translational motion.</p><p dir="ltr">The other three robot joints, on the other hand, require rotations for the links to move in relation to one another. An object moves in a fixed orbit around a circular route when it is rotating. There is a perfect analogy between the dynamics of rotational motion and translational motion. There are numerous similarities between the motion equations for linear motion and the equations for the mechanics of rotating objects.</p><p dir="ltr">Here are the Five Types of Mechanical Joints for Robots:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Linear Joints</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The letter L-Joint can be used to represent the linear joint. &nbsp;It is intended for adjacent links in linear joints to move in parallel. The input and output connections of this kind of joint are capable of both translational and sliding motions. There are various methods for achieving these motions, including the piston and telescoping mechanism. Always keep in mind that for a linear movement to occur, the two links must be in parallel axes.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Orthogonal Joints</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The orthogonal joints involve the movement of the input link and output link in relation to one another. The orthogonal joints, also called O-joints, are comparable to linear joints in that they incorporate a translational sliding motion. The output link is not parallel to the input link; rather, it is perpendicular. Simply expressed, the output and input links move at right angles.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Rotational Joints</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Rotational joints move when their axis of rotation is parallel to the axes of their input and output links. In other words, it enables the joints to rotate about an axis parallel to the axes of the arms. The R-Joint symbol can also be used to symbolize the rotational joint. For robot manipulators functioning in numerous workspaces, the usage of rotational relative motions is useful when it comes to rotational joints.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Twisting Joints</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">This joint makes rotary motion among the output and input links. The twisting joints are also referred to as type T joints. The movement in these joints is relative to the axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the axes of the input and output links.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Revolving Joints</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The revolving joint is frequently referred to as a &quot;V-Joint.&quot; In this joint, things are a little bit different from the others. These joints have rotational mobility that is useful in several applications. It enables relative rotational motion between two links. This kind of link has one parallel and one perpendicular axis. &nbsp;It is intended for the input link&#39;s axis to be parallel to the joint&#39;s axis of rotation. The output link, on the other hand, is made with its axis perpendicular to the joint&#39;s axis of rotation.[3]</p><h2 dir="ltr">Different Types of Robots and the Mechanical Joints Used</h2><p dir="ltr">Robots come in a variety of forms, each with unique characteristics. The primary features that distinguish one robot from another are the various types of mechanical joints that are present in each one. While the robots can also be categorized according to their use cases, the many types of robots and the mechanical joints they employ are mentioned below:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Articulated</h3></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 768px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjcxNzE1OTk2NjkyLXJvYm90aWNfYXJtLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">Articulated Robot</span></span></span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: transparent;">The design of an articulated robot is likely to include various ranges and combinations of rotary joints, with a range of 2 to 10 joints. Servo motors are commonly used to power articulated robots, which can range in complexity from a two-axis design to ones with ten or more axes. Six axes are the most prevalent, with four to six being the most common on industrial robots. In this design, the arm&#39;s links are joined together by rotational joints, while the arm&#39;s twisting joint connects it to the base. In the manufacturing sector, articulated robots are frequently employed for tasks including assembling, &nbsp;painting, welding, material handling, sealing, picking, cutting, and spraying.[4]</span></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Cartesian</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Cartesian robots, also referred to as gantry robots, use three linear joints. They have three joints that are featured on three orthogonal axes &mdash; X, Y, and Z &mdash; according to the cartesian coordinates. A cartesian robot has axes that move in unison under the control of a single motion controller. Additionally, these robots might have an attached wrist with simpler rotational joints. Engineers aiming to automate warehouses, enhance existing systems, or address special design issues may find great use in cartesian robots.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Cylindrical</h3></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 758px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjcxNzE2MTE2MDM4LWN5bGluZHJpY2FsX3JvYm90LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" width="450" height="330" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><span class="fr-inner">Cylindrical Robot</span></span></span></h3><p dir="ltr">The cylindrical robot has one linear joint that connects the various links and a rotational joint that is coupled to the base. The rotational and linear motions are useful since this sort of robot&#39;s work envelope is shaped like a cylinder, ensuring that accuracy is attained. Due to their small size, cylindrical robots are frequently utilized in confined places for machine tending, coating, and minor assembly tasks.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Polar</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">These robots, also referred to as spherical robots, have axes that produce a spherical work envelope and a polar coordinate system that make it simple for the manipulator to operate. Robot configurations called polar/spherical robots include two rotational joints and a combined linear joint. Welding, die casting, material handling, and injection molding, are all popular uses for polar robots.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">SCARA</h3></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 758px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjcxNzE2MTkwNTU1LVNDQVJBX3JvYm90LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" width="450" height="432" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><span class="fr-inner">SCARA Robot<br></span></span></span></h3><p dir="ltr">One of the most popular types of industrial robots in use today, particularly by companies wishing to automate their assembly operations, is the SCARA robot. SCARA is short for Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm. Also called joint robotic arm, this robot often has a cylindrical shape and does primarily cylindrical tasks. It makes use of two parallel joints, which are useful during assembly. As the robot is in operation, these joints give compliance in a chosen plane. The mechanical automation of many industrial applications, including welding, material handling, automatic assembly, painting, and so forth, is well suited for SCARA robots.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Delta</h3></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 758px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1671716320936-delta_robot.jpg" width="301" height="480" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><span class="fr-inner">Delta Robot<br></span></span></span></h3><p dir="ltr">The upside-down triangle shape that enables Deltas to provide excellent services to their users is where the word &quot;delta&quot; originates. Delta robots are affixed to the top of the workspace. Typically, a conveyor moving goods along a production line will serve as this workspace. They are constructed from linked parallelograms that are attached to a single foundation. Both rotational and linear joints are present in this type of robot. This enables the robot to move the tooling on one end of its arm within the dome-shaped workspace. It also improves its performance to guarantee that the completion of various tasks is done accurately.</p><p dir="ltr">Delta robots are employed in tasks that need the robot to pick up things in batches and arrange them in containers or according to a predefined assembly pattern. With their improved vision technologies, deltas can now differentiate between and choose from various sizes, colors, or shape selections as well as pick and position objects in accordance with a programmed pattern. The Mako robotic arm in an operating room is an example. This robotic arm gives the surgeon real-time, sensory, visual, and aural feedback while performing robotic joint replacement surgery like a total knee replacement surgery, to ensure the implant is properly optimized. The Mako robotic arm enables surgeons to do a CT scan (computed tomography scan) and design each patient&#39;s surgical plan in advance using a virtual 3D model. The surgeon then uses the plan to carry out the procedure and makes adjustments to attain high precision. [5]</p><h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2><p dir="ltr">You must be mindful of the various factors while using robotics to automate various company activities. These factors have a significant impact on how well the particular robotics you select to use functions. &nbsp;The robot joints are something to keep up with while employing robotic arms.</p><p dir="ltr">Also, it is important to know that apart from the types of robots and the mechanical joints used; these robots can be distinguished according to their use cases. Examples are listed below:</p><p dir="ltr">(i) Industrial robots, which are usually articulated robots, are designed expressly for uses like welding, material handling, painting, and other similar tasks.</p><p dir="ltr">(ii) Medical robots like surgery robots that are employed in medicine and medical facilities.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">(iii) Domestic robots like robotic vacuum cleaners, robotic pool cleaners, and other machines that can perform various household duties utilized in homes.</p><p dir="ltr">(iv) Military robots like robots used for bomb disposal, various transport robots, and reconnaissance drones.</p><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Universal Robots. Robotic Arm. 2022. [Cited Dec 18, 2022] Available from: <a href="https://www.universal-robots.com/in/blog/robotic-arm/#:~:text=They%20are%20particularly%20valuable%20in,speeds%20and%20precision%20of%20placement" target="_blank">https://www.universal-robots.com/in/blog/robotic-arm/#:~:text=They%20are%20particularly%20valuable%20in,speeds%20and%20precision%20of%20placement</a></p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">AZO Robotics. A Guide to Robot Joint Design. 2018. &nbsp;[Cited Dec 18, 2022] Available from: <a href="https://www.azorobotics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=237" target="_blank">https://www.azorobotics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=237</a></p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">All Engineering and Technical Info. Top 5 Types of Joints and Degrees of Freedom in Robots. 2022. [Cited Dec 20, 2022] Available from: <a href="https://engineeringall.com/types-of-joints-and-degrees-of-freedom-in-robots/#gsc.tab=0" target="_blank">https://engineeringall.com/types-of-joints-and-degrees-of-freedom-in-robots/#gsc.tab=0</a>&nbsp;</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Robots Done Right. What is an Articulated Robot? 2022. &nbsp;[Cited Dec 20, 2022] Available from: <a href="https://robotsdoneright.com/Articles/what-is-an-articulated-robot.html" target="_blank">https://robotsdoneright.com/Articles/what-is-an-articulated-robot.html</a></p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Reid Health. Robotic Joint Replacement with Mako Robots. 2022. &nbsp;[Cited Dec 20, 2022] Available from: <a href="https://www.reidhealth.org/mako" id="isPasted" target="_blank">https://www.reidhealth.org/mako</a></p></li></ol>

Robotic joints, which are sometimes known as axes, are the moveable parts of a robot that cause relative motion between adjacent links. These links refer to the rigid components that connect the joints to ensure their proper and straightforward operation. To guarantee precision and accuracy while using a robot, it is crucial to check that the joints are operating as intended. This article gives a detailed explanation of robotic joints, and the types of robots and mechanical joints used in robotic technology.

Robotic Joint: How Robotic Solution is Boosting Efficiency

<p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Touch screen user interface is ubiquitous on everything from smartphones, and laptops to ATMs. In this video, the Franka Emika robot tests the touchscreen functionality of two phones. Testing the touchscreen is an important part of the production cycle as well as for refurbishing products. Using a robot such as the Frank Emika, testing can be done with extreme uniformity enabling higher accuracy and faster completion.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The robot is trained to do the task simply by being manually guided, which means almost anyone in a facility can program the robot without technical expertise. The robot can work independently without pause for long periods of time with no loss of accuracy or pace.</p>

Touch screen user interface is ubiquitous on everything from smartphones, and laptops to ATMs. In this video, the Franka Emika robot tests the touchscreen functionality of two phones.

Franka Emika robot touchscreen device testing

<p><a data-attribute-index="0" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniProfile:ACoAAAFeVQkBW6afBYfUUh_JYbfniwGE2Y7yljQ" data-entity-type="MINI_PROFILE" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ACoAAAFeVQkBW6afBYfUUh_JYbfniwGE2Y7yljQ" id="isPasted" target="_blank">Daniel Haefliger</a> from&nbsp;<a data-attribute-index="2" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniCompany:3072981" data-entity-type="MINI_COMPANY" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/sateco-ag/" target="_blank">Sateco Group</a> presents its non-printed technology based on multilayers of moulded conductive silicone.<br>&nbsp;<br>This is a unique technology. The sensor typically has a size of 10-40mm with a thickness of &gt;3mm. It can measure forces in the range of 10-100 N with a resolution of around 0.1 N. The sensor can follow the direction of applied force for some 1mm.&nbsp;<br><br>Interestingly, the exact behaviour of the sensor can be designed and adjusted by controlling the spaces between the layers to suit specific application requirements.&nbsp;<br><br>The technology is reliable. It is shown that at room temperature, it experiences only 5% driff when subjected to 5,000,000 cycles of 20N force. It experiences only 20% drift over full scale when subjected to 100k cycles of 20N force at much harsher conditions&nbsp;(T range: -40 - 85C | RH: 0-90%)<br><br>In clip from Daniel&#39;s full presentation given at&nbsp;<a data-attribute-index="4" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniCompany:71510477" data-entity-type="MINI_COMPANY" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/techblick/" target="_blank">TechBlick</a> in March 2022, you learn about some unique applications of this technology, including:<br><br>1- Collaborative robots: these robots work alongside or in close proximity to humans. They are not caged as are typically industrial robots. As such, they require integrated soft 3D sensors to measure proximity as well as impact. This Sateco technology is uniquely suited to this application.<br><br>2- Smart steering wheel: the moulded silicone force sensor technology can be integrated within the centre of the steering wheel.&nbsp;They provide soft touch input and still enable the airbag to be deployed.<br><br>3- Wearable devices: in this example, developed with&nbsp;<a data-attribute-index="6" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniCompany:1576237" data-entity-type="MINI_COMPANY" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/fraunhofer-iao/" target="_blank">Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO</a>, they show how the sensor can be integrated into pagbacks to measure the load that children bear when carrying their bags<br><br>Join us on 12-13 OCT 2022 to learn more about this super exciting technology and how it can enable 3D soft touch and force sensors &nbsp;</p><p><a href="https://www.techblick.com/" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.techblick.com/</a></p><p><strong>Application Info in the Video</strong></p><p><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/737506180" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" style="width: 727px; height: 437px;"></iframe></span><br></p><p>Technical Info in the Images Below</p><p><br></p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1659976672664-1.png" style="width: 556px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1659976685332-2.png" style="width: 523px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1659976696777-3.png" style="width: 550px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1659976709296-4.png" style="width: 576px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1659976725317-5.png" style="width: 590px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><br></p><p>Meet the Sateco team at TechBlick in Eindhoven on 11-13 OCT 2022</p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1659976795489-1.emil-banner-v1+%281%29.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><br></p>

Technology for creating 3D force and proximity sensors based on silicone, offering also the ability to customize shape and characteristcs.  Key application is in collaborative robots



3D-shaped mechanically-compliant soft force, pressure, or proximity sensor with ease of integration and good reliability data?

<p>With a revolution in robot programming coming in the form of easy to use collaborative and industrial robots, more machine shops are taking on automation projects. Although some of the initial setup and programming becomes much easier, the problems with integrating configuring and programming these peripheral devices still persist.&nbsp;</p><p id="isPasted">READY simplifies the processes of integrating the robot with those peripheral devices. READY makes the process of programming the entire task easy enough that anyone on the factory floor can do it. Using Forge/OS, a cross platform automation operating system, it enables anyone to configure and control all aspects of the automation cell no matter the brand of robot or peripheral.</p><h2><strong>High Mix using Forge/OS</strong></h2><p>Automation can be difficult to justify In a high mix &nbsp;manufacturing environment. &nbsp;When a machine runs a wide variety of parts, the automation needs to be just as versatile. Many machinists are accustomed to adjusting features of the job to get the best result. Commonly machinists often modify parameters in the CAM software and changing tooling on the machine depending on the job. Robots traditionally don’t work the same way. During changeover it can be complicated and &nbsp;difficult to modify a program or change a peripheral. This can lead to the potential loss of time due to the lack of knowledge and skill in robot programming.</p><p><a href="https://www.ready-robotics.com/software/forge-os/" target="_blank">Forge/OS</a> vastly simplifies the changeover process in a high mix environment. Automation becomes much more accessible utilizing&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ready-robotics.com/software/productivity-apps/" target="_blank">Task Canvas</a>, the flowchart programming application. In Task Canvas each action is controlled by a block that has customizable control built in. We’re going to look at a few blocks within Task Canvas that will simplify changeover.</p><h2><strong>Camera Block</strong></h2><p>The Camera Block can be a great &nbsp;solution for a high mix manufacturing environment. Vision systems have a wide variety of uses, most often allowing the robot to locate parts within the workspace. The camera is programmed in the vision system’s native software. This is used to &nbsp;locate the part specified in the software and give the robot a point in space to grasp the part.</p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1643636229091-Text-Overload.00_00_07_08.Still004-1024x576-1.webp" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p id="isPasted">READY makes these vision systems much more useful with the Camera Block. In Task Canvas these blocks are used &nbsp;to send and receive signals from the vision systems controller after the camera takes the image. When part changeover happens the vision system will need to be updated for the new part, but the blocks and the logic in Task Canvas stay the same. This vastly reduces the time it takes to change to a new part.</p><h2><strong>Grid Block</strong></h2><p>The grid block lets the robot to move the end effector (end of the robot) &nbsp;from one position to another following a customization grid pattern. Since the camera is mounted to the end of the arm, the vision system can be programmed to take an image every time it gets to another point in the grid. With only creating 3 waypoints and changing a few parameters, the robot can continuously scan for parts on the work surface, and even alert the operator if the parts need to be refilled.</p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1643636256709-DSC_0543.MOV.00_00_07_13.Still001-1024x576-1.webp" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h2 id="isPasted"><strong>Gripper Block</strong></h2><p>Once you can locate the parts using the grid move and camera blocks its time to pick the part up. In this high mix environment your parts will change so your gripper will need to be just as flexible. The gripper block will allow you to control a gripper no matter the actuation type. If you have a suction gripper or an electric gripper they both are programmed the same way. This vastly opens up the possibilities in your manufacturing space. If your parts change you can easily modify the program to accommodate the parts. If the parts are different enough, the gripper can be changed and the program can be updated in minutes.</p><p>Check out our video that puts these principles into action.</p><p><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CzbQZv1yVxw?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" style="width: 761px; height: 439px;"></iframe></span></p><p>Forge/OS can help boost your production by simplifying the difficult parts of automation. Using the blocks built into Task Canvas anyone in the shop can learn and master automation </p>

With a revolution in robot programming coming in the form of easy to use collaborative and industrial robots, more machine shops are taking on automation projects. 

High Mix Manufacturing - Simplified with Task Canvas Blocks

<p>In this episode, we talk about how collaborative robotics can reinvent the construction industry and how software can be used to hack your brain. As always, you can find these and other interesting &amp; impactful engineering articles on Wevolver.com.&nbsp;</p><p><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/b8317b85-c754-419a-9618-cd428daeff87?dark=false" class="fr-draggable"></iframe></span><br></p><hr><p>This podcast is sponsored by <a href="https://www2.mouser.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>.</p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1632759161635-Mouser-sponsor-1-a.png" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><hr><h3 id="isPasted">EPISODE NOTES</h3><p>(0:55) - <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/robot-assistants-project-aims-to-reinvent-construction-industry" target="_blank">Reinventing The Construction Industry</a>:&nbsp;</p><p>There are 150,000 accidents on construction sites every year and there have been little technological advances to mitigate these risks - until now. University of Michigan is leading research efforts to develop a collaborative robot that can handle all the physically strenuous, and dangerous, tasks on the job site with instructions from seasoned construction workers.&nbsp;</p><p>(11:46) - <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/software-that-helps-us-increase-our-mental-strength" target="_blank">Software To Increase Mental Strength</a>:<br>Have you ever struggled to focus when you really need to? Or worse, find your brain to be incredibly active when you are trying to sleep? Well, ETH Zurich researchers have designed a software program to analyze and display brain activity on a spectrum - MyFlow - to make your life a little easier. MyFlow does this via retinal image analysis and can provide activities to train your brain in a manner that best suits you.&nbsp;</p><hr><p><strong>About the podcast:</strong></p><p>Every day, some of the most innovative universities, companies, and individual technology developers share their knowledge on Wevolver. To ensure we can also provide this knowledge for the growing group of podcast listeners, we started a collaboration with two young engineers, Daniel Scott Mitchell &amp; Farbod Moghaddam who discuss the most interesting content in this podcast series.&nbsp;</p><p>To learn more about this show, please visit the <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" target="_blank">shows page</a>. By following the page, you will get automatic updates by email when a new show is published.</p><p>Be sure to give us a follow and review on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/nl/podcast/the-next-byte/id1548255861?l=en" target="_blank">Apple</a> podcasts, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6lPPsRtegnivsRUEsQ09R7?si=IPMiah7xT_apJtPjqvXMlA" target="_blank">Spotify</a>, and most of your favorite podcast platforms!</p><p>Take a few seconds to leave us a review. It really helps!&nbsp;</p><p><a href="https://apple.co/2RIsbZ2" target="_blank">https://apple.co/2RIsbZ2</a></p><p>if you do it and send us proof, we’ll give you a shoutout on the show.</p>

In this episode, we talk about how collaborative robotics can reinvent the construction industry and how software can be used to hack your brain.

Podcast: How To Reinvent Construction Using Robotics

<p dir="ltr" id="isPasted"><em>This is the fifth article in a <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/connectivity-enables-new-efficiency-gains-for-robots-in-manufacturing" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">7-part series</a> examining solutions for robot control. The series looks into solutions for power, data, and signal, necessary to push the role and capabilities of industrial robots. This series is sponsored by<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/mouser.electronics" target="_blank">&nbsp;Mouser Electronics</a>, an online distributor of electronic components. Through their sponsorship, Mouser Electronics is dedicated to sharing knowledge about the possibility of a greener, more reliable, and better-connected manufacturing future.</em></p><h2 dir="ltr">IoT delivers increased coordination and control of automation</h2><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">The Internet of Things (IoT) has arrived, and its future is profound. Billions of devices are being connected to the Internet, allowing for the capture, manipulation, and processing of signals from a wide range of sources. Everyday objects and devices employ sensors to capture information and are then networked for greater connection and visibility. Collecting analog data from the external world, the network encodes it into digital signals and transfers it across time and space with the Internet. Information is managed at the levels of device, edge, and cloud.</p><p dir="ltr">One major benefit of the IoT is the increased coordination and control of automation, which is increasingly being deployed within industry. In this setting, this subset of the IoT is known as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). It is primarily concerned with the use of mostly automated and networked equipment within a system of manufacturing or other industrial production. The availability of increasingly large amounts of data brought into the network by way of the IoT-enabled devices allows for massive amounts of data to be processed quickly and efficiently, providing insight and better decision-making and process control for industry.</p><p dir="ltr">IIoT is converging with another key industrial technology: robotics. Robots have long been used in industrial processes. The example most people are familiar with are robotics used on manufacturing lines, such as those for automobile assembly. Semiconductor manufacturing also makes excellent use of robots for steady and reliable process control and the handling of sensitive products that require great care and consistency.</p><p dir="ltr">The growth of IIoT is enabling the rise of industrial cobots. <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/what-is-a-collaborative-robot" target="_blank">Cobots</a> are collaborative robots that have been adapted to work synergistically with humans. The use of cobots is increasing because the IIoT allows for robots to be coordinated with human activity, achieving higher levels of cooperation and efficiency. Whereas traditional robots are programmed to work mostly independent of human-specific interactive activities, cobots engage with people. They work with them cooperatively and synergistically.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">This is not a cobot invasion&mdash;the taking over of an industry by intrusive force. Instead, it is an engagement, a mutually beneficial arrangement and relationship, which provides benefits for both human workers and industry as a whole. This article will look at the enabling technologies of this change, as well as some applications of cobots in an industrial setting.&nbsp;</p><div class="fr-img-space-wrap"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="false" style="width: 766px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjMwMzM2NDM5MzM4LWNvYm90LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 788px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" contenteditable="true">Figure 1: A new generation of robots, termed &ldquo;collaborative robots&rdquo; or &ldquo;cobots,&rdquo; is now being integrated into manufacturing environments. Image credit: KUKA.</span></p></span></span></div><h2 dir="ltr">Enabling Technologies</h2><p>Cobots are engaging with IIoT because technology is allowing the robots to be transformed by acquiring new skills that were previously outside the domain of traditional robots. These technologies serve to enhance human and robotic interaction, improve worker safety, and reduce costs. Improvements in sensor, actuator, control, and computation technologies empower the cobot&rsquo;s perception, data fusion and processing, artificial intelligence, and actuation. Other technologies promote ease of use, adaptability, and lower costs. Let&rsquo;s look at three specific enabling technologies that are giving rise to cobots engaging in IIoT: artificial intelligence and machine learning, computer/machine vision, and intelligent edge computing.</p><h3>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning&nbsp;</h3><p dir="ltr">Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technique to process digital data in a manner that seeks to emulate the function, behavior, or results of human thinking. Machine learning (ML) is a subset of AI that uses algorithms that automatically improve through experience and the use of data.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Traditional robots operate according to preprogrammed instructions that get repeated without regard to changes in its operational environment. A cobot, on the other hand, incorporates AI. Cobots can to some extent perceive their environment; reason and solve problems; recognize, learn, and adapt to new situations and contexts; autonomously make decisions; and interact with humans. The &ldquo;programming&rdquo; of a cobot to operate in a new environment is not necessarily complicated and can involve a human operator manually walking through the desired motion by moving the cobot&rsquo;s arms through the desired trajectory.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">AI and machine learning is enabled through high-speed computer processors and software that may incorporate a variety of technologies such as fuzzy logic, probabilistic methods, neural networks, and expert systems. These technologies provide cobots with human-like qualities that promote human-robot interaction and collaboration.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Cobots take and process large amounts of raw data from numerous sensors. This data is integrated, processed, and interpreted, enabling the cobot to make informed and accurate deductions about the environment so that appropriate actions may get taken. This must be accomplished in virtually real-time to avoid latency issues in the cobot&rsquo;s operation with humans. Machine learning algorithms effectively integrate all the data from various types of sensors, which may come from different locations within the workspace or may be sensed at different times to make informed and accurate deductions about the environment and situation. AI and ML enable the cobot to have a form of cognition that mimics human behavior, thereby allowing them to more successfully engage with humans in IIoT environments.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Computer/Machine Vision&nbsp;</h3><p dir="ltr">Vision is one of the most significant human senses, and is typically the primary way in which humans perceive the external world. Similarly, cobots can be made to perceive through a process called computer or machine vision. Machine vision allows the cobot, in a manner mimicking human eyesight, to detect and identify objects, spaces, scenes, orientations, and locations in the visible (30nm&ndash;730nm), infrared (&gt;730nm), and ultraviolet (&lt;430nm) wavelengths. Light detection and ranging (Lidar) is a detection system that works on the principle of radar but uses light from a laser. Much of the focus on machine vision is related to working out the problems associated with adequately distinguishing and correctly categorizing objects, so that decision making and object handling do not become industrial process bottlenecks. Machine vision allows for improved accuracy, higher throughput, collision avoidance, and situational awareness.&nbsp;</p><div class="fr-img-space-wrap"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="false" style="width: 766px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjMwMzM2NTEyNTgyLU1JVC1SaWdodGhhbmQtcm9ib3RpY3MtMDEtcHJlc3NfMC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 788px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" contenteditable="true">Figure 2: A robot sorting products. Image credit: MIT.</span></p></span></span></div><h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Intelligent Edge Computing</h3><p dir="ltr">Cobots themselves are built from edge devices, which are interconnected together within the IoT. These edge devices are continually increasing in technical capabilities and intelligence. They are becoming smarter, with the ability to sense and respond to more things and communicate and process it accordingly.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Cobots represent the next step of autonomy for robotics, giving them more ability to operate and decide how to perform their particular tasks within their work environment, even as they work alongside and in contact with humans. Increasing the complex interaction of machines and humans requires a way of handling and coordinating the vast amounts of data closest to the location of operation. The preference is for intelligent processing of the data to be done locally rather than remotely or at a hub or gateway.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The intelligent edge consists of network systems and technologies created and adjusted to meet the needs of localized data management. It must have sufficient data capacity, proper system performance, system bandwidth, security, and reliability. Further development of edge computing will allow the creation of new generations of cobots with increasingly autonomous capabilities.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Cobot Applications</h2><p>New applications for collaborative robotics within manufacturing continue to develop and expand. Reliable cobots provide a safe and secure way to assist manufacturers in producing higher quality and highly adaptable processes with productivity gains. Some of the IIoT applications include assembly and manipulation, handling and loading, and inspection.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Assembly &amp; Manipulation</h3><p>Production machines such as the kind used for computer numerical control (CNC) machining must continuously be tended by an operator. This operator is responsible for loading raw material, starting the machine, ensuring its proper operation, and unloading finished parts. Assembly and manipulation tasks such as this are some of the most common industrial jobs. Often monotonous and boring, they usually do not require a high skill level, and operators are prone to injury due to repetitively lifting heavy materials and parts. Other examples of assembly and manipulation operations include stamping, grinding, trimming, welding, injection molding, printed circuit board (PCB) testing, part inspecting, and coordinate measuring.</p><p>Cobots may be an ideal fit for assembly and manipulation applications. They can be placed in front of a traditional manufacturing machine and are easily programmed to perform the required loading and unloading tasks. Periodically, skilled technicians may examine the machine and tools and perform regular maintenance. This can lead to better workforce utilization, where the cobots get used for the lower-skill-level manual operations, and technicians get used for the higher-skill-level tasks such as inspecting, repairing and changing tools, performing quality control tests, and taking appropriate corrective actions. This, in turn, can result in significant labor savings, lower injury rates, less production downtime, a more highly motivated workforce, and higher productivity.</p><div class="fr-img-space-wrap"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="false" style="width: 766px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjMwMzM2NTk0MDcyLVBlcnNvbiBXb3JraW5nIG9uIENvYm90IC0gQ05DIE1hY2hpbmUgVGVuZGluZyBLaXQtMS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 788px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner" contenteditable="true">Figure 3: A cobot tending a CNC machine. Image source: Robotiq.</span></p></span></span></div><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Pick and place robots require the precise location of the unfinished assemblies and parts. Cobots are adaptable to non-precise placement, as they incorporate machine vision systems that facilitate positional feedback. A collaborative or adaptive assembly operation may involve the use of a human operator first to inspect, sort, and select a particular part, then roughly align the part onto an unfinished assembly (that is, a work-in-progress). In a subsequent assembly step, a cobot would complete the construction by fastening the part to the incomplete assembly. An operation such as this might be advantageous in situations where pieces are too small to align with unaided human vision; or where the final alignment and attachment of the part requires a great deal of dexterity or strength; or where final assembly must get performed at high temperatures, in a challenging environment, or with hazardous chemicals or adhesives. A cobot is useful in any situation where the location, orientation, or placement of parts onto an unfinished assembly is not accurate or repeatable.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Handling and Loading&nbsp;</h3><p dir="ltr">Handling and loading tasks may involve the removal of products from an assembly line or conveyor belt, counting and wrapping them appropriately, applying labels, placing them into cartons, and sealing the cartons. High-speed, high-volume manufacturers can create specialized robotic machines and equipment for packaging. Cobots may be an ideal fit for such handling and loading applications.</p><p dir="ltr"><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BmObKCnxv6c?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" style="width: 767px; height: 499px;" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span><br></p><p>Collaborative robots can be used to augment human capabilities during manufacturing and assembly operations by assisting in the performance of repetitive tasks or tasks that require strength or extended reach. Manufacturing operations often may require lifting and positioning a substantial part, like an automobile door, onto an unfinished assembly, like an automobile body. Such a process might not lend itself to a completely automated operation if it requires fine adjustments to the part&rsquo;s position to ensure the part properly fits onto the unfinished assembly. In an automobile assembly operation, different vehicle styles might require varying numbers and forms of doors for installation, which may not be a suitable situation for a completely automated process. However, a cobot may be useful in this situation to lift the massive part. It could then carry out &ldquo;instructions&rdquo; from the human operator by responding to the operator&rsquo;s touch and then move to position the piece on the desired location of the unfinished assembly.&nbsp;</p><h3>Inspection&nbsp;</h3><p>Cobots can provide careful examination or scrutiny of items and never get tired, bored, or distracted. This makes them significant assets to improve IIoT processes related to safety, quality, and productivity. Cobots may be easily programmed to recognize and count items on a conveyor belt, apply packaging materials and labels, and place them into the appropriate cartons. Human workers may still work with the cobots while performing higher-skill-level tasks such as oversight related quality-control inspections. Programming for the cobot may get easily modified to adapt to changes in the product configuration or packaging requirements.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>Cobots are already working alongside humans and becoming increasingly engaged in the world of IIoT. The IIoT is fostering new relationships between man and technology that are enabling digital and robotic technologies to improve performance and satisfy human needs. The future of industrial automation is not robots invading the workplace, but rather engaging with the workplace to make it better.</p><p><em>This article was initially published by Mouser and TE in an<a href="https://www.mouser.com/news/teroboticssebook/mobile/index.html#p=1" target="_blank">&nbsp;e-magazine</a>. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and robotics writer Dillon Garrison. It&#39;s the fifth article of a 7-part series exploring solutions for robot control. Future articles provide an overview of servo motor connections, discuss the role of digital twins in robot connectivity and look at trends in manufacturing automation. &nbsp;</em></p><p id="isPasted"><em><a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/connectivity-enables-new-efficiency-gains-for-robots-in-manufacturing" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a></em><a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/connectivity-enables-new-efficiency-gains-for-robots-in-manufacturing" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a></p><p id="isPasted"><em>Article one</em><em>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/connectivity-enables-new-efficiency-gains-for-robots-in-manufacturing" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">looked at gains made by improved connectivity in industrial settings.&nbsp;</a></em></p><p><em>Article two&nbsp;</em><a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/high-performance-connectivity-in-robotics" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>looked at the quality of connectors for harsh environments.</em></a></p><p><em>Article three <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/motion-control-in-robotics-4-types-of-motors-for-industrial-robots" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">provided an overview of common motor types.&nbsp;</a></em></p><p><em>Article four <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/6-connectivity-solutions-for-industrial-robotic-applications" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">listed 6 Connectivity Solutions For Industrial Robotic Applications.&nbsp;</a><br></em></p><p><em>Article five&nbsp;</em><a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/cobots-and-iiot-create-a-synergistic-working-relationship" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>explores cobots and connectivity.</em></a></p><h2><em>About the sponsor: Mouser Electronics</em></h2><p dir="ltr"><em><a href="https://eu.mouser.com/" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a> is a worldwide leading authorized distributor of semiconductors and electronic components for over 1,100 manufacturer brands. They specialize in the rapid introduction of new products and technologies for design engineers and buyers. Their extensive product offering includes semiconductors, interconnects, passives, and electromechanical components.</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjMwMzM2ODUxODU3LWxvZ28gYm90dG9tIGJhbm5lciBvay5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 788px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em><br></p>

Article #5 Robot Control Series. For several generations, industry has been well served by robots. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) now brings collaborative robots—called cobots—into a synergistic working relationship with humans inside the future of industrial automation.

Cobots and IIoT Create a Synergistic Working Relationship

<p>In this episode, we talk about a collaboration between two professors at Cornell University to combat the multi-billion dollar annual loss of grapes by combating powdery mildew using AI and how a novel material developed by NASA JPL researchers can significantly reduce the cost of robotics worldwide. As always, you can find these and other interesting &amp; impactful engineering articles on Wevolver.com.&nbsp;</p><p><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/5b1d5989-c187-406f-881b-6f077c18f5bb?dark=false" class="fr-draggable"></iframe></span><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">EPISODE NOTES</h3><p>(1:04) -&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/facial-recognition-ai-helps-save-multibillion-dollar-grape-crop" target="_blank">Facial Recognition AI Helps Save Multibillion Dollar Grape Crop</a>:</p><p>Powdery mildew causes multi-billion dollar losses of grape crops on a yearly basis so it is no surprise that researchers like Professor Lance Cadle-Davidson from Cornell University are working on developing more fungus resistant varieties. The process of analyzing grape leaf samples is quite cumbersome and would’ve required 6 months of manual labor had engineer and computer scientists - Professor Yu Jiang - not stepped in. Professor Jiang was able to reduce the analysis timeframe down to just 1 day by developing a robot powered by a modified facial recognition artificial intelligence model and equipped with an optical microscope.</p><p>(7:50) -&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/metallic-glass-gears-up-for-cobots-coatings-and-more" target="_blank">Metallic Glass Gears Up For 'Cobots,' Coatings, And More</a>:&nbsp;</p><p>Robots are composed of many mechanical components, the most important of which are the gears. NASA has leveraged the benefits of robotics in many missions (Mars rovers being the most famous) but the harsh atmospheric conditions have proven to be problematic for operation since the necessary lubricant for the gears has to be constantly heated up before conducting any task. NASA JPL recruited the help of Douglas Hoffman to address this problem and through his work they were able to develop bulk metallic glass gears which possess the hardness of crystals, maintain the favorable mechanical properties of metals, can be injection molded for mass manufacturing, and do not require lubrication. This breakthrough is a substantial move in the right direction concerning affordable robotics since gears account for ~50% of the price in robotic applications.</p><p id="isPasted">--</p><p>About the podcast:</p><p>Every day, some of the most innovative universities, companies, and individual technology developers share their knowledge on Wevolver. To ensure we can also provide this knowledge for the growing group of podcast listeners, we started a collaboration with two young engineers, Daniel Scott Mitchell &amp; Farbod Moghaddam who discuss the most interesting content in this podcast series.&nbsp;</p><p>To learn more about this show, please visit the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" target="_blank">shows page</a>. By following the page, you will get automatic updates by email when a new show is published.</p><p>Be sure to give us a follow and review on&nbsp;<a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/nl/podcast/the-next-byte/id1548255861?l=en" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Apple</a> podcasts,&nbsp;<a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6lPPsRtegnivsRUEsQ09R7?si=IPMiah7xT_apJtPjqvXMlA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Spotify</a>, and most of your favorite podcast platforms!</p>

In this episode, we talk about a collaboration between two professors at Cornell University to combat the multi-billion dollar annual loss of grapes by combating powdery mildew using AI and how a novel material developed by NASA JPL researchers can significantly reduce the cost of robotics worldwide

collaborative robots (cobots)