<p id="isPasted">With a more efficient method for artificial pollination, farmers in the future could grow fruits and vegetables inside multilevel warehouses, boosting yields while mitigating some of agriculture’s harmful impacts on the environment.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 832px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1737504356692-MIT-MicroAcrobatics-02-press.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">The new design also has enough free space that the robot could carry tiny batteries or sensors, which could enable it to fly on its own outside the lab. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers</span></span></span></p><p>To help make this idea a reality, MIT researchers are developing robotic insects that could someday swarm out of mechanical hives to rapidly perform precise pollination. However, even the best bug-sized robots are no match for natural pollinators like bees when it comes to endurance, speed, and maneuverability.</p><p>Now, inspired by the anatomy of these natural pollinators, the researchers have overhauled their design to produce tiny, aerial robots that are far more agile and durable than prior versions.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 832px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1737504484281-ezgif-6-d631ed678d.gif" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">The new design of these tiny, aerial robots is far more robust and durable than prior versions. Here, the robot is subjected to a collision test. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">The new bots can hover for about 1,000 seconds, which is more than 100 times longer than previously demonstrated. The robotic insect, which weighs less than a paperclip, can fly significantly faster than similar bots while completing acrobatic maneuvers like double aerial flips.</p><p>The revamped robot is designed to boost flight precision and agility while minimizing the mechanical stress on its artificial wing flexures, which enables faster maneuvers, increased endurance, and a longer lifespan.</p><p>The new design also has enough free space that the robot could carry tiny batteries or sensors, which could enable it to fly on its own outside the lab.</p><p>“The amount of flight we demonstrated in this paper is probably longer than the entire amount of flight our field has been able to accumulate with these robotic insects. With the improved lifespan and precision of this robot, we are getting closer to some very exciting applications, like assisted pollination,” says Kevin Chen, an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), head of the Soft and Micro Robotics Laboratory within the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and the senior author of an open-access paper on the new design.</p><p>Chen is joined on the paper by co-lead authors Suhan Kim and Yi-Hsuan Hsiao, who are EECS graduate students; as well as EECS graduate student Zhijian Ren and summer visiting student Jiashu Huang. The research <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adp4256" target="_blank">appears today in <em>Science Robotics</em></a>.</p><h2><strong>Boosting performance</strong></h2><p><a href="https://news.mit.edu/2021/researchers-introduce-new-generation-tiny-agile-drones-0302" target="_blank">Prior versions of the robotic insect</a> were composed of four identical units, each with two wings, combined into a rectangular device about the size of a microcassette.</p><p>“But there is no insect that has eight wings. In our old design, the performance of each individual unit was always better than the assembled robot,” Chen says.</p><p>This performance drop was partly caused by the arrangement of the wings, which would blow air into each other when flapping, reducing the lift forces they could generate.</p><p>The new design chops the robot in half. Each of the four identical units now has one flapping wing pointing away from the robot’s center, stabilizing the wings and boosting their lift forces. With half as many wings, this design also frees up space so the robot could carry electronics.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 832px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1737504653991-ezgif-6-8fcc7c7192.gif" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">The robotic insect, weighing less than a paperclip, can fly significantly faster than similar bots while completing acrobatic maneuvers like aerial flips. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">In addition, the researchers created more complex transmissions that connect the wings to the actuators, or artificial muscles, that flap them. These durable transmissions, which required the design of longer wing hinges, reduce the mechanical strain that limited the endurance of past versions.</p><p>“Compared to the old robot, we can now generate control torque three times larger than before, which is why we can do very sophisticated and very accurate path-finding flights,” Chen says.</p><p>Yet even with these design innovations, there is still a gap between the best robotic insects and the real thing. For instance, a bee has only two wings, yet it can perform rapid and highly controlled motions.</p><p>“The wings of bees are finely controlled by a very sophisticated set of muscles. That level of fine-tuning is something that truly intrigues us, but we have not yet been able to replicate,” he says.</p><h2><strong>Less strain, more force</strong></h2><p>The motion of the robot’s wings is driven by artificial muscles. These tiny, soft actuators are made from layers of elastomer sandwiched between two very thin carbon nanotube electrodes and then rolled into a squishy cylinder. The actuators rapidly compress and elongate, generating mechanical force that flaps the wings.</p><p>In previous designs, when the actuator’s movements reach the extremely high frequencies needed for flight, the devices often start buckling. That reduces the power and efficiency of the robot. The new transmissions inhibit this bending-buckling motion, which reduces the strain on the artificial muscles and enables them to apply more force to flap the wings.</p><p>Another new design involves a long wing hinge that reduces torsional stress experienced during the flapping-wing motion. Fabricating the hinge, which is about 2 centimeters long but just 200 microns in diameter, was among their greatest challenges.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 832px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1737504697234-MIT-MicroAcrobatics-04-press.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">“At the end of the day, we’ve shown flight that is 100 times longer than anyone else in the field has been able to do, so this is an extremely exciting result,” Kevin Chen says. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers</span></span></span></p><p>“If you have even a tiny alignment issue during the fabrication process, the wing hinge will be slanted instead of rectangular, which affects the wing kinematics,” Chen says.</p><p>After many attempts, the researchers perfected a multistep laser-cutting process that enabled them to precisely fabricate each wing hinge.</p><p>With all four units in place, the new robotic insect can hover for more than 1,000 seconds, which equates to almost 17 minutes, without showing any degradation of flight precision.</p><p>“When my student Nemo was performing that flight, he said it was the slowest 1,000 seconds he had spent in his entire life. The experiment was extremely nerve-racking,” Chen says.</p><p>The new robot also reached an average speed of 35 centimeters per second, the fastest flight researchers have reported, while performing body rolls and double flips. It can even precisely track a trajectory that spells M-I-T.</p><p>“At the end of the day, we’ve shown flight that is 100 times longer than anyone else in the field has been able to do, so this is an extremely exciting result,” he says.</p><p>From here, Chen and his students want to see how far they can push this new design, with the goal of achieving flight for longer than 10,000 seconds.</p><p>They also want to improve the precision of the robots so they could land and take off from the center of a flower. In the long run, the researchers hope to install tiny batteries and sensors onto the aerial robots so they could fly and navigate outside the lab.</p><p>“This new robot platform is a major result from our group and leads to many exciting directions. For example, incorporating sensors, batteries, and computing capabilities on this robot will be a central focus in the next three to five years,” Chen says.</p>

Weighing less than a paperclip, the robotic insect can fly significantly faster than similar bots while completing acrobatic maneuvers like double aerial flips. It can even precisely track a trajectory that spells M-I-T. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers

With a new design, the bug-sized bot was able to fly 100 times longer than prior versions.

This fast and agile robotic insect could someday aid in mechanical pollination

<p><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2dl6UW6FHDc?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span></p><p id="isPasted">“As the crow flies” is a common idiom referring to the shortest distance between two points, but the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lis/">LIS</a>), led by Dario Floreano, in EPFL’s School of Engineering has taken the phrase literally with RAVEN (Robotic Avian-inspired Vehicle for multiple ENvironments). Designed based on perching birds like ravens and crows that frequently switch between air and land, the multifunctional robotic legs allow it to take off autonomously in environments previously inaccessible to winged drones.</p><p>“Birds were the inspiration for airplanes in the first place, and the Wright brothers made this dream come true, but even today’s planes are still quite far from what birds are capable of,” says LIS PhD student Won Dong Shin. “Birds can transition from walking to running to the air and back again, without the aid of a runway or launcher. Engineering platforms for these kinds of movements are still missing in robotics.”</p><p><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/shorts?/b7j_8eWjA_g?feature=share&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span><br></p><p id="isPasted">RAVEN’s design is aimed at maximizing gait diversity while minimizing mass. Inspired by the proportions of bird legs (and lengthy observations of crows on EPFL’s campus), Shin designed a set of custom, multifunctional avian legs for a fixed-wing drone. He used a combination of mathematical models, computer simulations, and experimental iterations to achieve an optimal balance between leg complexity and overall drone weight (0.62kg). The resulting leg keeps heavier components close to the ‘body’, while a combination of springs and motors mimics powerful avian tendons and muscles. Lightweight avian-inspired feet composed of two articulated structures leverage a passive elastic joint that supports diverse postures for walking, hopping, and jumping.</p><p>“Translating avian legs and feet into a lightweight robotic system presented us with design, integration, and control problems that birds have solved elegantly over the course of evolution,” Floreano says. “This led us to not only come up with the most multimodal winged drone to date, but also to shed light on the energetic efficiency of jumping for take-off in both birds and drones.” The research has been&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08228-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">published in&nbsp;</a><em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08228-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nature</a>.</em></p><p><strong>Better access for deliveries or disaster relief</strong></p><p>Previous robots designed to walk have been too heavy to jump, while robots designed to jump did not have feet suitable for walking. RAVEN’s unique design allows it to walk, traverse gaps in terrain, and even to jump up onto an elevated surface 26 centimeters high. The scientists also experimented with different modes of flight initiation, including standing and falling take-off, and they found that jumping into flight made the most efficient use of kinetic energy (speed) and potential energy (height gain). The LIS researchers teamed up with Auke Ijspeert of EPFL’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/biorob/">BioRobotics Lab</a>, and with Monica Daley's&nbsp;<a href="https://neuromechanics.bio.uci.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Neuromechanics Lab</a> at University of California, Irvine, to adapt bird biomechanics to robotic locomotion.</p><blockquote><p>These results represent just a first step towards a better understanding of design and control principles of multi-modal flying animals, and their translation into agile and energetically efficient drones.</p><footer>Prof. Dario Floreano, head, Laboratory of Intelligent Systems</footer></blockquote><p>In addition to elucidating the costs and benefits of powerful legs in birds that frequently transition between air and ground, the results offer a lightweight design for winged drones that can move on rough terrain and take off from restricted locations without human intervention. These capabilities enable the use of such drones in inspection, disaster mitigation, and delivery in confined areas. The EPFL team is already working on improved design and control of the legs to facilitate landing in a variety of environments.</p><p>"Avian wings are the equivalent of front legs in terrestrial quadrupeds, but little is known about the coordination of legs and wings in birds – not to mention drones. These results represent just a first step towards a better understanding of design and control principles of multimodal flying animals, and their translation into agile and energetically efficient drones," Floreano says.</p><hr><p><strong id="isPasted">References</strong></p><p>Shin, W.D., Phan, HV., Daley, M.A. et al. Fast ground-to-air transition with avian-inspired multifunctional legs. Nature 636, 86–91 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08228-9</p>

RAVEN (Robotic Avian-inspired Vehicle for multiple ENvironments) © Alain Herzog CC BY SA

EPFL researchers have built a drone that can walk, hop, and jump into flight with the aid of birdlike legs, greatly expanding the range of potential environments accessible to unmanned aerial vehicles.

Bird-inspired drone can jump for take-off

<p><strong>Some 80% of weather radiosondes – remote measurement instruments containing plastic, batteries and electronic parts – end up lost in nature after one flight. But a startup created by an EPFL master’s student is set to change that with a new, ultra-lightweight “glidersonde” that can automatically return to where it was launched.</strong></p><p><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/U_GkseyejII?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span></p><p id="isPasted">It’s standard practice in many countries to launch radiosondes carried by weather balloons twice a day. These instruments climb for two hours towards the stratosphere, collecting data on wind speed and direction, temperature, pressure and humidity at various altitudes – critical information for generating weather forecasts and improving climate models. The weather balloons are typically inflated with hydrogen, and when they reach an altitude of around 35,000 meters, the low atmospheric pressure causes them to burst and drop the radiosondes. As they fall to the ground, the instruments are pushed by wind currents and sometimes land in water or very remote areas. Of the approximately 600,000 radiosondes launched around the world each year, some 80% are never found. Yohan Hadji, an EPFL master’s student, has developed a solution to this problem – a new type of radiosonde that can automatically fly back to a predetermined spot. His device was tested by the Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss) this summer, and weather offices in other countries are taking an interest, too. “France, the UK, Germany, Croatia and Canada also want to try it out,” says Hadji, who just created a startup called R2Home.</p><h2><strong>Algorithms adjust for wind measurements taken during the ascent</strong></h2><p>Hadji’s radiosondes are attached to small foam gliders equipped with a guidance system. The entire unit weighs a mere 250 grams and is lifted into the air by a weather ballon. “My device consists of a standard radiosonde inside a wing-shaped box,” he says. “It’s small and light enough to classify as a conventional radiosonde under the FOCA [Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation] classification.” The guidance system uses an algorithm to calculate the optimal trajectory for returning to the point where the radiosonde was launched or to another site programmed into its GPS. Developing it was a real technical challenge given the glider’s ultra-lightweight material. “I had to create an algorithm that could factor in wind measurements taken during the ascent,” says Hadji. “At some altitudes, the wind can reach speeds of over 200 km/h!”</p><p>Hadji presented his invention to meteorologists and to experts at the FOCA, who were interested in its feasibility and reliability. The FOCA gave him an opportunity to run his first test flights under real-world conditions. In all, Hadji’s glidersondes have been tested approximately 60 times in Switzerland, including around a dozen times at the MeteoSwiss weather station in Payerne this summer. During each test flight, the glider successfully returned to within a 15-meter radius of the desired location. “The initial results are very promising,” says Yves-Alain Roulet, head of the Measurement Technology Division at MeteoSwiss. “Now we need to test the system’s performance under more complicated weather conditions.”</p><p>Switzerland leads the pack when it comes to recovering lost radiosondes: approximately 75% of them are found, compared with a global average of 20%. “That’s because we have a highly active community of radiosonde chasers,” says Hadji. Yet less than 1% of the recovered radiosondes are actually used again, since the temperature and humidity sensors tend to get damaged after spending so much time exposed to the elements. “My device can help make sure that doesn’t happen, so that the radiosondes can be used for numerous flights,” says Hadji.</p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731976749545-6af30311.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p id="isPasted">Hadji’s radiosonde may be able to return to where it was launched, but is it effective at its primary function – taking accurate measurements? MeteoSwiss ran comparative tests to find out. “Our initial tests found no significant difference between the radiosonde embedded in the R2Home glider and a standard radiosonde,” says Roulet. “But further testing is needed here too, including in weather conditions representative of all four seasons.” These encouraging results paved the way for Hadji to attend the World Meteorological Organization’s Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECO) this year, held in Vienna, Austria, in late September.</p><p>Hadji, now 20, began working on his invention in 2019 while a high-school student in Grenoble. Since then he’s been advancing through the various stages of product development at a rapid pace – despite encountering some headwinds along the way. “For instance, until 2023 my idea was to attach the radiosonde to a parachute rather than a foam glider,” he says. “But that design would have been problematic at very high altitudes.” He may further develop that approach sometime in the future too, because he believes “it could be an attractive option for heavier and more expensive payloads.”</p><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731976766208-a3551373.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h2 id="isPasted"><strong>Running tests with foreign weather offices</strong></h2><p>Since 2022, Hadji has benefited from a number of local support programs for entrepreneurs: EPFL’s Blaze program, the Foundation for Innovation and Technology, the Sylvie Rusconi Foundation and, more recently, Venture Kick. His startup was recently acquired by Meteomatics, a Swiss company that’s the world’s leading supplier of weather information. For now, Hadji is focused on preparing for the tests with foreign weather offices. The many radiosonde chasers around the world could soon find themselves coming home empty-handed.</p><hr><p><strong id="isPasted">References</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/about-us/meteoswiss-blog.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MétéoSuisse on R2Home</a></p>

Some 80% of weather radiosondes – remote measurement instruments containing plastic, batteries and electronic parts – end up lost in nature after one flight. An EPFL student is set to change that with a new, ultra-lightweight “glidersonde” that can automatically return to where it was launched.

New type of weather radiosonde can find its way back

<p id="isPasted"><a href="https://www.projectceti.org/" target="_blank">Project CETI</a> (Cetacean Translation Initiative) aims to collect millions to billions of high-quality, highly contextualized vocalizations in order to understand how sperm whales communicate. But finding the whales and knowing where they will surface to capture the data is challenging — making it difficult to attach listening devices and collect visual information.&nbsp;</p><p>Today, a Project CETI research team led by&nbsp;<a href="https://gil.seas.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">Stephanie Gil</a>, Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), have proposed a new reinforcement learning framework with autonomous drones to find sperm whales and predict where they will surface.&nbsp;</p><p>The research is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adn7299" target="_blank">Science Robotics.&nbsp;</a></p><p>This new study uses various sensing devices, such as Project CETI aerial drones with very high frequency (VHF) signal sensing capability that leverage signal phase along with the drone’s motion to emulate an ‘antenna array in air’ for estimating directionality of received pings from CETI’s on-whale tags. It demonstrates that it’s possible to predict when and where a whale may surface by using these various sensor data as well as predictive models of sperm whales dive behavior. With that information, Project CETI can now design algorithms for the most efficient route for a drone to rendezvous—or encounter—a whale at the surface. This also opens up possible conservation applications to help ships avoid striking whales while at the surface.</p><p>Presenting the Autonomous Vehicles for whAle Tracking And Rendezvous by remote Sensing, or AVATARS framework, this study jointly develops two interrelated components of autonomy and sensing: autonomy, which determines the positioning commands of the autonomous robots to maximize visual whale encounters; and sensing, which measures the Angle-of-Arrival (AOA) from whale tags to inform the decision-making process. Measurements from our autonomous drone to surfaced tags, acoustic AOA from existing underwater sensors, and whale motion models from previous biological studies of sperm whales are provided as inputs to the AVATARS autonomous decision-making algorithm, which in turn aims to minimize missed rendezvous opportunities with whales.&nbsp;</p><p>AVATARS is the first co-development of VHF sensing and reinforcement learning decision-making for maximizing rendezvous of robots and whales at sea. A well-known application of time-critical rendezvous is used with rideshare apps, which uses real-time sensing to note the dynamic paths and positions of drivers and potential riders. When a rider requests a ride, it can assign a driver to rendezvous with the rider as efficiently and as timely as possible. Project CETI’s case is similar in that they are real-time tracking the whale, with the goal of coordinating the drone’s rendezvous to meet the whale at the surface.&nbsp;</p><p>This research advances Project CETI's goal of obtaining millions to billions of high-quality, highly contextualized whale vocalizations. The addition of diverse types of data will improve location estimates and routing algorithms—helping Project CETI meet that goal more efficiently.</p><p>“I’m excited to contribute to this breakthrough for Project CETI. By leveraging autonomous systems and advanced sensor integration, we’re able to solve key challenges in tracking and studying whales in their natural habitats. This is not only a technological advancement, but also a critical step in helping us understand the complex communications and behaviors of these creatures,” said Gil.<br><br>“This research is a major milestone for Project CETI’s mission. We can now significantly enhance our ability to gather high-quality and large-scale dataset on whale vocalizations and the associated behavioral context, putting us one step closer to better listening to and translating what sperm whales are saying,” said David Gruber, Founder and Lead of Project CETI.</p><p>“'This research was an amazing opportunity to test our systems and algorithms in a challenging marine environment. This interdisciplinary work, that combines wireless sensing, artificial intelligence and marine biology, is a prime example of how robotics can be part of the solution for further deciphering the social behavior of sperm whales,” said&nbsp;Ninad Jadhav, Harvard University PhD candidate and first author on the paper.</p><p>“This project provides an excellent opportunity to test our algorithms in the field, where robotics and artificial intelligence can enrich data collection and expedite research for broader science in language processing and marine biology, ultimately protecting the health and habitat of sperm whales,” said Sushmita Bhattacharya, a postdoctoral researcher in Gil's REACT Lab at SEAS.</p>

Project CETI and Harvard have established a new reinforcement learning framework for rendezvous with whales using autonomous robots, combining sensing from diverse sensor streams

New methods for whale tracking and rendezvous using autonomous robots

<p id="isPasted">If you’re an RPAS pilot in Canada, you’re likely using NAV Drone (and if you’re not, you should be).</p><p>The mobile and web app from NAV Canada is <em>the</em> app to ensure your mission is approved. As the NAV CANADA <a href="https://www.navcanada.ca/en/flight-planning/drone-flight-planning/nav-drone-support.aspx" target="_blank">website explains</a>: “NAV Drone is the only app that lets you safely and legally request permission to fly a drone in airspace controlled by NAV CANADA. From the web or a mobile device, professional and recreational drone pilots and operators can easily see where they can and cannot fly with interactive maps and, when needed, submit requests to fly in controlled airspace.”</p><p>It’s a snap to use. The app lets you know where you can fly – and where you can’t – and could save you from both dangerous operations and potential fines. The app also notifies you if there are other drone operations underway in the vicinity of your operations, which is really useful for situational awareness.</p><p>Last week, at the <a href="https://www.aerialevolution.ca/" target="_blank">Aerial Evolution Association of Canada</a>‘s annual conference and exhibition, NAV CANADA offered an update on usage stats for the app – and revealed there are more enhancements on the horizon.</p><p><em>Below: Screengrabs from the NAV Drone mobile app, followed by a NAV CANADA explainer video</em></p><p><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMzQ5NzgyOTAzLUlNR182MTM0LXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="NAV Drone App"></em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMzQ5ODA0MTg3LUlNR182MTM1LmpwZy53ZWJwIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="NAV Drone App"></p><p><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FZR6ii6PX8s?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"><span class="fr-mk" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><span class="fr-mk" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><span class="fr-mk" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><span class="fr-mk" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><span class="fr-mk" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></iframe></span></p><h3 id="isPasted">By The Numbers</h3><p>NAV Drone has been operational now for several years. There was a lot of buzz in the industry when it was first released, but what has that translated to in terms of actual use? Here, NAV CANADA offered some numbers – which indicate the app has been widely embraced across the sector.</p><p>In 2024, NAV Drone had processed 53,000 permission requests as of early November, a growth rate of 26 per cent over the previous year. By automating this process – and avoiding manual approval (30 minutes per request at $130/hour), NAV CANADA says the app has saved more than $6.5M in Air Traffic Service (ATS) costs. What’s more, users seem to really like the app; it has excellent ratings on the App Store and Google Play.</p><p>And, of course, NAV Drone has greatly enhanced safety (and provided a huge amount of data) for NAV CANADA, the country’s privately run non-profit corporation that operates our civil air navigation system.</p><p>“Safety is the key reason it’s there. It’s all about keeping the airspace safe,” explained Alan Chapman, NAV CANADA’s director of RPAS Traffic Management.</p><p>As we head toward increased RPAS traffic, including regulations that will permit low-risk Beyond Visual Line of Sight flights in 2025, NAV CANADA has bold plans to enhance the offerings of the NAV Drone app. And that’s good news for both RPAS operators and also those operating traditional crewed aviation.</p><p>“Some big changes are coming to NAV Drone in 2025,” said&nbsp;Stewart Paveling,&nbsp;Product Family Leader, RPAS Traffic Management NAV CANADA during a panel discussion.</p><p>That includes a number of additional features to the app, including greater capabilities with RPAS Traffic Management (RTM), low-risk BVLOS and EVLOS flight approvals – <span data-teams="true" id="isPasted"><span dir="ltr">Including the ability to record flights undertaken with a Special Flight Operations Certificate through the app.</span></span></p><p>These are big changes, indicative of recognition this industry will continue to grow as well as NAV CANADA’s desire to safely help the industry expand as we head, ultimately, into the era of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM).</p><p>“NAV CANADA’s strategic direction positions us to take a leadership role to effect change across the air navigation system,” read a slide during its presentation. “To unlock not just our own potential, but also the potential of the industry to be more effective, more efficient, and more environmentally sustainable going forward.”</p><p>To further emphasise that, the slide continued – including the bold in the following paragraph:</p><p>“RTM facilitates the safe integration of RPAS, in a highly automated way, enabling <strong>growth</strong> of operations and <strong>expansion</strong> of use cases to capture the potential aviation and societal benefits.”</p><p>That was followed by a high-level road map indicating priorities for the coming years.</p><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMzUwMjgxNjYxLU5BVi1DYW5hZGEtTkFWLURyb25lLXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="RTM Phase 1 Progress Report"></p><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMzUwMzAzNDYyLU5BVi1DQU5BREEtUlRNLVBoYXNlLVR3by1zY2FsZWQuanBnLndlYnAiLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="RTM Phase 2"></p><h3 id="isPasted">Next Steps</h3><p>Following the slides, there was a panel discussion about future plans, along with other suggestions on ways to improve the existing app. In addition to Alan Chapman and Stewart Aveling, the panel included Joanne Moon (Manager of RPAS Operations, NAV CANADA), Anne Sophie Ripple-Bouvier (Flight Safety Officer, Aerial Evolution Association of Canada) and Brian Fentiman (Project Manager, InDro Robotics/CEO BlueForce UAV Consulting, Inc.).</p><p>As the slide above notes, NAV Drone will keep pace with Transport Canada regulations – including the much anticipated changes that will allow low-risk BVLOS flights in 2025. The emphasis here is on pushing the envelope with a highly automated RTM system “to support safe, efficient and scalable BVLOS operations.”</p><p>For years, the sector has been eager to enable BVLOS flight without the need for a time-consuming Special Flight Operations Certificate. This obviously opens the door to a broad range of use-case scenarios, ranging from monitoring long-range assets like railroad tracks and pipelines through to large-scale mapping and other data acquisition.</p><p><span data-teams="true" id="isPasted"><span dir="ltr">For those operations that will still require an SFOC, NAV Canada revealed that the capability will be in place to allow flights to be recorded in the app. Though that will simplify the process of recording for operators, NAV Canada will not approve SFOCs; these applications will be reviewed by Transport Canada, which is responsible for approving SFOCs.</span></span></p><p>Later this year, Paveling added, there will be new map layers for restricted airspace. NAV Canada is also planing to improve the flight clipboard that comes with the system, redesigning it and making it easier to read. There will also be changes to the web-based support site, including a move away from PDF manuals “with better content that’s easier to consume and search.”</p><p>Outside of the app, NAV Canada said it is working to beef up its ability to detect drone incursions.</p><p>“We see reports of RPAS in control zones on approach paths,” said Joanne Moon of NAV Canada, adding that the corporation also obtains data from drone detection systems in place at airports. (InDro Robotics is the chief technology partner with the <a href="https://indrorobotics.ca/drone-pilot-fined-3021-for-drone-incursion-at-yow/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drone detection system at YOW</a>. That data is shared with NAV CANADA and Transport Canada, among others.)</p><p>NAV Canada, she said, is looking at strengthening its capabilities and enforcement in this arena.</p><p>“(We’ve)&nbsp;Been working with industry partners, looking at things like drone detection, information sharing, emergency response, collaboratiion with airport authorities (as well as) our own air traffic services unit.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3>Other Improvements&nbsp;</h3><p>There was also an opportunity during the panel to discuss other improvements that could be made to the NAV Drone app. And here, InDro’s Brian Fentiman offered some suggestions.</p><p>“One of the biggest things I find, more as a trainer than an operator, is the weak spot. The weak spot seems to be emergency procedures…With a flyaway,&nbsp;I would much prefer that there’s a single number. I’d like to see that phone number up front so it’s easy for people to find. In&nbsp;controlled airspace, you do get a phone number but it’s buried in a flight report…Sometimes you’ll get that phone number and the tower is not even open during those hours.”</p><p>It’s an important point – and one NAV Canada says it’s about to address.</p><p>“We are actively working on that right now…for an upcoming change to NAV Drone,” said Moon.</p><p>The other point Fentiman raised was with regards to conspicuity – meaning the electronic visibility of a drone within a broader RTM system.</p><p>“To enable BVLOS, we need conspicuity…whether it’s from the drone to other (RPAS) traffic or to commercial aviation,” he said.</p><p>That is something, said NAV CANADA, that is precisely on its roadmap. And the best way to fully get there, it was suggested, was to ensure that everyone in the industry uses the NAV Drone app.</p><p>“The more people who use the tool, the better situational awareness we have,” said Chapman.</p><p><em>Below: Brian Fentiman on the NAV CANADA panel at AEAC2024. Photo by Scott Simmie, InDro Robotics</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMzUwMzY4NzU4LURTQ0YzNjY4LXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Brian Fentiman"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">InDro's Take</h3><p>The annual Aerial Evolution Association of Canada’s conference and exhibit is always a great event – and precisely due to learning opportunities like this one. Conversations with bodies like NAV CANADA and Transport Canada are tremendously important for the growth of the sector.</p><p>“We are fortunate in Canada to have a collaborative relationship with NAV CANADA and Transport Canada, as that’s not always the case between the industry and regulators or air traffic systems organizations,” says Philip Reece, Founder and CEO of InDro Robotics.</p><p>“We have seen a true evolution over the years in terms of this relationship – and from both sides. There’s a greater recognition now from the industry that safety has to remain paramount if the sector is going to continue its growth trajectory. And we’ve also seen a real willingness from NAV CANADA and Transport Canada to work with RPAS operators to safely continue growth. The NAV Drone app – and how widely it’s now used – is evidence of this collaboration from both sides. We look forward to enhanced capabilities on this already excellent tool.”</p><p>Want to learn more about the benefits of membership with the Aerial Evolution Association of Canada? You can find all the details <a href="https://www.aerialevolution.ca/become-a-member/" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>

NAV Canada Update

Enhanced Capabilities Coming to NAV Drone App

<h3 id="isPasted">Rooster Drone: Revolutionizing Search-and-Rescue and Tactical Operations</h3><p>In the ever-evolving field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the Rooster drone by Robotican stands out as a groundbreaking solution for search-and-rescue, tactical, and security operations. Engineered to be an agile, resilient, and intelligent UAV, the Rooster drone’s core capabilities enable it to perform in high-risk environments, making it an invaluable asset for defense forces and emergency response teams worldwide. Let's dive into the technical specifications and capabilities that make this drone a true innovation.</p><h4>Flight In Complex Environments</h4><p>Built to operate in GPS-denied environments. This system is particularly advantageous in environments with compromised visibility or structural instability, such as collapsed buildings or booby-trapped spaces.</p><p>The Rooster’s AI-driven algorithms enable it to dynamically adapt to changing environments, This capability allows the Rooster to minimize risks to personnel, providing crucial data in situations where human entry would be too dangerous.</p><h4>Durable Design and Resilience</h4><p>Designed with operational durability in mind, the Rooster drone’s rugged frame and flexible, shock-absorbent materials give it the resilience needed for both indoor and outdoor operations. Unlike conventional drones that may be vulnerable in confined spaces, the Rooster’s robust body structure and flexible propeller guards ensure it can recover quickly after minor collisions, allowing it to continue its mission uninterrupted.</p><p>Additionally, the Rooster’s compact design enables it to enter narrow passageways and navigate tight spaces—a significant advantage in scenarios where traditional, larger drones would be hindered.<br><br><br><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731312571642-Rooster+for+article.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h4>Real-Time Data Transmission and Advanced Sensing Capabilities</h4><p>Equipped with high-definition cameras, thermal imaging, and variable sensors the Rooster is capable of delivering real-time visual and thermal data to operators on the ground. This multi-sensory data provides a comprehensive view of the operational environment, enabling better decision-making under high-pressure situations. Those features are particularly useful for operations in dimly lit or smoke-filled rooms where visibility is otherwise compromised.</p><h4>Simplified User Interface and Intuitive Control</h4><p>Robotican has designed the Rooster with an intuitive user interface that simplifies control for operators with varied technical backgrounds. The system’s interface can be accessed on standard tablets or laptops, providing a real-time, high-definition feed and mission controls. Operators can quickly command the drone with straightforward commands or set it on an autonomous route using its way-point navigation system.<br><br><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731313531966-For+article.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p>For defense applications, this ease of use translates to faster deployment and reduced training time. The Rooster’s controls are designed to be highly responsive, making it a powerful tool in fast-paced tactical scenarios where every second counts.</p><h4>Compact and Ready for Rapid Deployment</h4><p>The Rooster drone’s portability and readiness make it an ideal solution for situations requiring rapid deployment. With a fast setup time, it can be operational within minutes, significantly reducing the time between arrival on the scene and the commencement of the mission.</p><p>Weighing under a few kilograms, the Rooster is compact enough to be carried in a backpack and deployed by a single operator. This lightweight design, combined with its modularity, allows for easy transport and swift adjustments based on mission requirements.</p><h4>Applications Across Diverse Operational Needs</h4><p>The versatility of the Rooster drone allows it to support a wide range of operations. From search-and-rescue missions in disaster-stricken areas to surveillance tasks in military and police operations, its capabilities serve as a force multiplier for teams in the field. In recent military applications, the Rooster has demonstrated its unique ability to identify threats, such as detecting improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in potentially hostile environments, saving lives and improving operational outcomes.</p><p>Its usage has also extended to various emergency services, with fire departments and other first responders deploying the Rooster in challenging situations where human lives are at risk. The drone’s ability to rapidly scan a building for survivors or detect hotspots in a fire scenario has proven invaluable, showcasing its adaptability and life-saving potential.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><p>The Rooster drone by Robotican exemplifies the future of autonomous drones in high-stakes environments. Its combination of autonomous navigation, durability, advanced sensing, and rapid deployment capabilities equips it to handle the complexities of modern tactical, rescue, and surveillance operations. Whether deployed by defense forces or emergency responders, the Rooster is setting new standards for UAV performance, reliability, and mission success.</p><p>As the demand for resilient, autonomous solutions grows, the Rooster drone is poised to become an essential asset in the operational toolkit of those on the frontlines, pushing the boundaries of what is possible with unmanned aerial technology.</p>

A Hybrid Robotic Drone Engineered for Precision and Resilience in High-Stakes Tactical and Search-and-Rescue Operation

Rooster Drone: Revolutionizing Search-and-Rescue and Tactical Operations

<section id="isPasted"><p>The global push for renewable energy is undeniable. Fueled by a potent combination of international cooperation and escalating climate concerns, renewable energy is experiencing a surge. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28) in December 2023, over 130 countries committed to tripling renewable energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030. Underscoring this commitment, GWEC Market Intelligence projects a significant expansion of 791 GW of new wind energy capacity in the next five years under current policies. With a <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/offshore-wind-strategies-for-uncertain-times" target="_blank">vast theoretical potential of up to 70,000 GW</a> according to recent data shared by McKinsey, offshore wind is poised for significant growth.</p><p>However, maintaining these colossal turbines, often located miles out at sea, presents a unique set of challenges. Traditional manual inspection methods relying on industrial climbers are risky, time-consuming, and expensive. This is where drone technology steps in, offering a game-changing solution for offshore wind turbine inspections.</p><h2><p>Safety First: Reducing Worker Risk</p></h2><p>Inspecting offshore wind turbines exposes workers to many dangers. From falls from heights and electrical shock to the perils of working in confined spaces, the risks are considerable. With ever-increasing turbine heights, like GE's Haliade-X reaching a staggering 850 feet, these hazards become even more pronounced.</p><p>Drone solutions can solve these challenges in a transformative way. By eliminating the need for human climbers, drones significantly enhance safety and reduce the risk of accidents. Additionally, drones can conduct inspections more frequently, enabling the early detection of potential issues and preventing costly downtime through more regular inspections.</p><h2><p>Enhanced Efficiency: Faster, More Cost-effective Inspections</p></h2><p>Time is money, especially in the offshore wind industry. Traditional inspections take hours, impacting turbine operations and productivity. Drones significantly reduce inspection time. Studies suggest a potential 80% reduction in inspection time compared to manual methods, leading to substantial cost savings.</p><p>Furthermore, drones offer a more comprehensive inspection approach. They can reach previously inaccessible areas and provide detailed, high-resolution images for thorough analysis. This allows for the identification of even minor defects before they become major problems, preventing costly downtime and repairs.</p><h2><p>Technological Advancements: A Look at the Cutting Edge</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1729194076738-1729194076738.png" alt="1turbine8923475 copy" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>Drone technology constantly evolves, offering advanced solutions for wind turbine inspections. Here are some key areas of progress:</p><ul><li><strong>Mobile Thermography:</strong> These drones use thermal imaging sensors to detect variations in heat flow across turbine blades. Areas with structural defects will show up as cooler spots, allowing for early detection of damage before it becomes critical.</li><li><strong>Lidar Inspections:</strong> Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) technology provides visual inspections using high-resolution, 3D images of the turbine blades. While these inspections require slower, closer flybys, advancements in battery technology increases flight time, allowing drones to complete inspections of all blades without a recharge.</li></ul><p>However, the offshore wind industry has recently faced challenges. Stakeholders have expressed concerns over a high rate of project cancellations following significant cost increases. Despite these setbacks, the long-term potential of offshore wind remains substantial, and the industry is actively seeking innovative solutions to overcome these hurdles.</p><p>Drones play a crucial role in addressing these challenges by optimizing operations and reducing costs. By collecting vast amounts of data, drones enable predictive maintenance strategies, allowing operators to schedule maintenance proactively, allocate resources efficiently, and extend turbine lifespan.</p><p><strong>Learn more about <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/drone-pcba-tackling-sensor-integration/" target="_blank">sensor integration in drones</a> now.</strong></p><h2><p>Data-Driven Decisions: Empowering Predictive Maintenance</p></h2><p>Drones collect a wealth of valuable data during inspections. High-resolution images, thermal readings, and 3D point cloud data from Lidar scans can be analyzed using sophisticated software. This data allows for the creation of digital twins – virtual replicas of the turbines – that can be used to predict potential problems before they occur.</p><p>Predictive maintenance, enabled by drone data, empowers wind farm operators to:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Schedule maintenance proactively:</strong> Instead of waiting for a turbine to fail, inspections can be targeted based on the collected data, optimizing maintenance schedules and reducing downtime.</p></li><li><p><strong>Optimize resource allocation:</strong> By identifying specific areas of concern, resources can be directed efficiently, reducing overall maintenance costs.</p></li><li><p><strong>Extend turbine lifespan:</strong> Early detection and repair of minor issues can prevent them from escalating into major problems, ultimately extending the turbine’s lifespan.</p></li></ul><h2><p>A Collaborative Approach: Humans and Drones Working Together</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1729194076496-1729194076496.png" alt="2turbine498yhud copy" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>While drones offer significant advantages, they cannot replace human expertise completely. A successful drone inspection program thrives on a collaborative approach:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Skilled Drone Pilots:</strong> Experienced pilots are essential for safe and efficient operation in challenging offshore environments. Their expertise in navigating wind conditions and maneuvering around turbines ensures the integrity of the data collected.</p></li><li><p><strong>Data Analysts:</strong> The vast amount of data collected by drones requires skilled data analysts. These professionals interpret the data, identify trends, and generate actionable insights for wind farm operators.</p></li><li><p><strong>Maintenance Crews:</strong> Once potential issues arise, human technicians remain vital for repairs and maintenance activities. Drones provide the initial assessment, but human expertise is crucial for addressing the identified problems.</p></li></ul><p>This collaborative approach leverages the strengths of both humans and machines. Drones handle the high-risk and repetitive aspects of inspections, while human expertise focuses on analysis, decision-making, and the complex tasks requiring manual intervention.</p><h2><p>Challenges and Considerations</p></h2><p>While drone technology offers immense benefits, there are still challenges to overcome. High winds significantly impact drone maneuverability and control, requiring experienced operators familiar with the specific challenges of flying around wind turbines. Salt spray from the ocean also affects drone components, making regular maintenance crucial.</p><p>Successful drone inspection programs emphasize careful planning and preparation. Autonomous flight capabilities minimize operator error and allow for precise control, especially in challenging weather conditions.</p><h2><p>The Role of PCBAs in Drone Technology</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1729194076109-1729194076109.png" alt="3turbine98tuo copy" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>The widespread adoption of drones for offshore wind turbine inspections underscores the critical role of <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/pcba/" target="_blank">Printed Circuit Board Assemblies (PCBAs)</a> in this rapidly growing industry. PCBAs serve as the "brain" of drones, integrating essential components like sensors, processors, and communication systems. These intricate boards enable drones to navigate complex environments, capture high-resolution images, and transmit data efficiently.</p><p>As drone technology advances, the demand for more sophisticated PCBAs increases. Features such as enhanced processing power, miniaturization, and improved durability are essential for meeting the rigorous demands of offshore wind turbine inspections. Reliable and high-performance PCBAs are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient drone operation, ultimately contributing to the success of the offshore wind industry.</p><h2><p>The Future of Offshore Wind: A Symbiosis of Man and Machine</p></h2><p>The synergy between drones and advanced PCBAs is driving innovation in offshore wind turbine inspections. As the industry continues to expand, the development of cutting-edge PCBAs will be instrumental in maximizing the potential of drone technology and accelerating the transition to a clean energy future.</p></section><h4>Need high-quality PCBAs for your next drone build?</h4><p><a href="https://factory.macrofab.com/quick_quote/?utm_source=direct&utm_medium=none" target="_blank">Get an instant quote now</a></p><section><h5><br></h5></section>

Learn how reliable and high-performance PCBAs are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient drone operation, ultimately contributing to the success of the offshore wind industry.

How Drones are Transforming Offshore Wind Turbine Inspections

Discover how Deep Trekker’s enhanced 4K camera overcomes traditional challenges involved with underwater photography and inspections. 

How Deep Trekker Solves Underwater Photography Challenges

<p id="isPasted"><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">As Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technology advances, industries like energy, oil and gas, and maritime cargo are demanding more sophisticated, efficient, and safer inspection methods. Traditional approaches may no longer meet the complex requirements of today’s critical infrastructure inspections.&nbsp;Avestec's&nbsp;latest development, SKYRON 2, introduces significant advancements in this area, notably through its use of SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technology and 3D mapping capabilities.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><span data-ccp-parastyle="heading 4"><em><strong>Importance of SLAM and 3D Mapping in Inspection Industries</strong></em></span></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"134245418":true,"134245529":true,"201341983":0,"335559738":319,"335559739":319,"335559740":259}'><strong><em>&nbsp;</em></strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><strong>1. Enhanced Precision and Accuracy</strong></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">SLAM technology allows robots to generate detailed, real-time 3D maps of their surroundings while concurrently tracking their own position. This capability is essential for high-precision inspections of critical assets such as pipelines, cargo hulls, and FPSOs (Floating Production Storage and Offloading units). Traditional methods often involve manual measurements and visual inspections that can be prone to errors. By integrating SLAM with 3D mapping, SKYRON 2 offers a more&nbsp;accurate&nbsp;and comprehensive view of the asset, minimizing missed defects and improving overall inspection quality.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzI1NDI2MzE0NTgxLWNhcmdvLXRhbmttZWFzdXJlbWVudC5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><strong>2. Efficient Data Collection</strong></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">3D mapping is crucial for efficient data collection, particularly in complex and expansive environments like large oil and gas refineries. With SLAM-equipped tools, inspectors can cover extensive areas and intricate structures more swiftly than with manual methods. This efficiency not only accelerates the inspection process but also reduces downtime for critical assets, thus supporting continuous operations and cost management.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzI1NDI1ODk4NzA1LU1lYXNzdXJlbWVudC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></span><br></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><strong>3. Real-Time Navigation and Analysis</strong></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">Real-time 3D mapping&nbsp;facilitates&nbsp;dynamic navigation and immediate data analysis. SLAM technology provides live updates on the robot’s position and environmental conditions, enabling operators to make informed decisions during inspections. This is particularly&nbsp;advantageous&nbsp;in hazardous or confined spaces where traditional methods might be inadequate. The ability to adapt to real-time conditions and address issues as they arise enhances inspection effectiveness and contributes to better maintenance practices.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><strong>4. Safety Enhancements</strong></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">Safety is a major concern in many inspection environments, especially in high-risk or hard-to-reach areas. SLAM and 3D mapping technologies enable inspectors to&nbsp;operate&nbsp;from a safe distance, reducing the need for direct human involvement in potentially dangerous conditions. Remote-controlled robots equipped with these technologies mitigate risks and ensure inspections can be conducted in areas where human access may be restricted or unsafe.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><strong>5. Detailed Asset Analysis</strong></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">The high-resolution point clouds produced by SLAM technology offer detailed insights into the condition of inspected assets. This level of detail supports thorough analysis and detection of even minor defects or anomalies. For precision-critical industries like&nbsp;energy and oil&nbsp;and gas, detailed 3D models&nbsp;facilitate&nbsp;accurate&nbsp;assessment and informed decision-making for maintenance and repairs.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzI1NDI2MzI1OTA0LTNEbWFwLnBuZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><strong>6. Integration with Advanced Technologies</strong></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">SLAM and 3D mapping are integral to the integration of advanced technologies such as sensor-fusion systems and autonomous navigation. By combining data from multiple sensors, including LiDAR, cameras, and IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units), SLAM enhances the robot’s operational capabilities in diverse and challenging environments. This integration improves the reliability and accuracy of inspections, expanding the range of applications and enhancing overall tool performance.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA"><span data-ccp-parastyle="heading 4"><em><strong>SKYRON 2’s Contribution</strong></em></span></span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"134245418":true,"134245529":true,"201341983":0,"335559738":319,"335559739":319,"335559740":259}'><em><strong>&nbsp;</strong></em></span></p><p><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"134245418":true,"134245529":true,"201341983":0,"335559738":319,"335559739":319,"335559740":259}'><em><strong><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzI1NDI2MzQ0NjI0LVNLWVJPTjIuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></strong></em></span><br></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">SKYRON 2 exemplifies these advancements by incorporating a sophisticated SLAM processing engine and high-resolution 3D mapping features. Its ability to produce detailed, real-time 3D maps ensures high precision in inspections, even in complex and dynamic environments. The integration of sensor-fusion technology further enhances its effectiveness, providing a comprehensive solution for modern industrial inspection challenges.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p><p><span data-contrast="none" lang="EN-CA">In summary, SLAM and 3D mapping are pivotal in advancing the inspection industry by offering enhanced precision, efficiency, real-time navigation, and safety.&nbsp;Avestec’s&nbsp;SKYRON 2&nbsp;leverages&nbsp;these technologies to deliver a powerful and precise inspection tool, addressing the evolving needs of various industries and setting a new standard in industrial asset inspection and management.</span><span data-ccp-props='{"134233117":false,"134233118":false,"201341983":0,"335559738":240,"335559739":240,"335559740":259}'>&nbsp;</span></p>

The Role of SLAM and 3D Mapping in Modern NDT Inspection Technologies

Elevating Industrial Asset Inspection

<p id="isPasted">There’s a buzz around Kelowna these days.</p><p>Well, actually, there are two kinds of buzz. The first is the occasional faint sound of a small but smart drone, carrying out flights every two weeks over two separate orchards. These orchards grow peaches, pears, cherries and more.</p><p>And the other buzz? Well, that’s the discussion this special two-year project – a collaboration between InDro Robotics and the City of Kelowna (enabled with funding from BC Agriculture) – is generating among farmers in the region.</p><p>“Technology is always getting bigger and better,” says Riley Johnson, a manager at Byrnes Farms – one of the two locations where the project is being carried out. Johnson is an experienced farmer, and the land has been in the hands of his wife’s family for five generations. He knows the land and crops well, but is curious to see what additional data can be gathered.</p><p>“Anything in agriculture, the more information you get, you’re not going to be worse off. Especially for new farmers coming into the industry, any new kind of information can help out ten-fold – particularly if you’re on new land. Any information outside of the Old Farmer’s Almanac is always appreciated.”</p><p>What InDro is doing, to the best of our knowledge, is a type of precision agriculture that hasn’t been carried out before. It combines data acquisition from both drones and ground robots to ensure the most robust and reliable data possible.</p><p>This data is then used to assess overall vegetation health. Are there indications of pests in certain areas? Are any plants indicating low levels of chlorophyl? Does it look like that patch needs some pesticide – or maybe additional watering?</p><p>These are important questions for farmers whose livelihoods depend on maximizing the yield and health of their crops.</p><p>And this project? It’s all about finding the answers – and implementing solutions. Those solutions will include precision spraying of nutrients or other compounds in the precise location where they are required. The end result should be maximum yields with minimal – or no – areas of unhealthy crops.</p><p><em>Below: Healthy pears growing at Byrnes Farm. Photo courtesy Riley Johnson</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNjE5MDI0Njk0LWltYWdlMDAwMDAxIDIuSlBHIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em></p><h3 id="isPasted">An Introduction</h3><p>Before we get into all the details, it’s worth introducing you to Dr. Eric Saczuk (assuming you haven’t already met). He’s our Chief of Flight Operations – and comes with some serious chops.</p><p>Eric holds a PhD in Remote Sensing. He’s been assessing vegetation health (among many other things) using satellite data since the early days – long before drones came on the scene. But when drones <em>did</em> come on the scene, he quickly recognized their potential for the acquisition and interpretation of multiple kinds of data. He has flown missions all over the world on behalf of InDro, all involving complex data and analysis.</p><p>But that’s not all. He’s been an instructor at the <a href="https://www.bcit.ca/" target="_blank">British Columbia Institute of Technology</a> since 2003 and has been the director of the institute’s <a href="https://www.bcit.ca/learning-teaching-centre/remotely-piloted-aircraft-systems/about-rpas-bcit/" target="_blank">RPAS Hub</a> since 2016. He’s divided his time between BCIT and InDro since 2018 and is our go-to for highly complex operations. He’s also carried out multiple missions to acquire data for projects undertaken by Canada’s National Research Council – including <a href="https://indrorobotics.ca/indro-robotics-flies-in-urban-wind-tunnels-for-national-research-council-project/" target="_blank">this fascinating research</a> on urban wind tunnels. There’s likely not a more qualified person in the country when it comes to drones and data.</p><p><em>Below: Dr. Eric Saczuk on an InDro mission. Image by Scott Simmie</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNjE5MDU5ODQxLURTQ0Y3MDQyLXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">The Project</h3><p>Okay. You’ve most likely heard of precision agriculture by now. When it comes to drones, most of us picture something like this: A drone with a multispectral camera flies over a field of wheat or some other crop. That multispectral camera captures spectrums of light both visible and invisible to the human eye. When that data is crunched, it provides a detailed picture of crop health (we’ll explore more of this shortly).</p><p>In collaboration with the City of Kelowna and local farmers, we’ve been flying a mission every two weeks over two separate fruit orchards. We use a drone with a special type of camera. It has five lenses. One of those lenses simply captures RGB (or simply, colour) images. But the other four have filters that are tuned to pick up light only within specific spectrums that can be collectively analyzed to indicate the health of vegetation.</p><p>“So in addition to the RGB camera, you’d have one camera capturing just red reflected light, one capturing just green reflected light using filters, and then the other two are what we call red edge and near-infrared,” says Dr. Saczuk.</p><p>Red edge is particularly useful in the early detection of disease or stress in plants – as it is highly reflected by healthy chlorophyl. But the real magic happens when you take the data captured in these different light wavelengths of light and run some calculations on them. That’s what gives you the bigger picture.</p><p>“Think of each of these images as a number. Capturing these multiple spectral bands allows you to combine them using complex equations in a type of calculator to give you various indicators of vegetation health,” he says.</p><p>That data can answer a lot of questions.</p><p>“Is it healthy? Is it not healthy? Is it being productive? Is there chlorophyll? If so, how active is it?” he says.</p><p>“These are the kinds of questions we can answer when we do what we call ‘multispectral band combinations.’ And it gives us a really clear picture that cannot be detected by the human eye.”</p><p><br></p><h3>A Closer Look</h3><p>We’re going to take a look at an image in a moment.</p><p>Before we get there, though, it’s worth exploring something Eric said earlier. He mentioned complex math. He’s right. The math happens at the individual pixel level between each of the input bands and there are millions of pixels per band. The most common calculation is used to produce a result called NDVI (not be be confused with NVIDIA, the producer of AI chipsets). The acronym stands for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. And once the math is done, it gives you an accurate picture of vegetation health.</p><p>NDVI is calculated by using near infrared (NIR) and red bands (you’ll see the formula below).</p><p>The resulting pixel number in an NDVI image, will always be between -1 and +1. The higher the number, the better the health. If the number is low, it means there’s something worth looking at. The NDVI provides a detailed look at crop health and while it is regarded as the gold standard, there are also other calculations that can drill down to more specific indicators of vegetation health.</p><p><em>Below: Healthy vegetation absorbs most of the visible light that hits it, reflecting a large&nbsp;</em><em>portion</em><em>&nbsp;of the near-infrared spectrum. Unhealthy or sparse vegetation (right) reflects more visible light and less near-infrared light. When you do the math, it yields a lower NDVI number. (Public domain image by Robert Simmon.)</em></p><p><em>The second image is the equation used to calculate NDVI (which explains what those numbers are at the bottom of the first image).</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNjE5MTg3Nzc0LU5kdmlfZXhhbXBsZS5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">From Data to Decisions</h3><p>Using the equation above (as well as other formulas), Dr. Saczuk turns all of that data into something both meaningful and actionable. (He’s speaking here in general terms about the project’s goals – not about any specific farm.)</p><p>“So we’ve got that data, that information that’s saying, ‘Hey, these trees were actually not doing well.’ And then the next question is, OK, can we see anything in the multi-spectral images that would indicate that these trees are somehow spectrally or reflecting light differently than the ones that are healthy?”</p><p>By looking at the data – and calculating not just NDVI but other indexes, images are generated that provide an at-a-glance look at crop health.</p><p>Traditionally, this has been a hugely time-consuming task involving multiple steps (and plenty of processing) on a laptop. Now, new tools are available that streamline the process. Dr. Saczuk is using&nbsp;a cloud-based solution specifically for precision agriculture.</p><p>“It really makes the whole process very efficient – because not only does it do the photogrammetry on the images, stitches them into these orthomosaics, but it also gives you the tools with which to analyse them. This would typically be a multi-step process, but this software makes it a one-stop shop, which is really nice.”</p><p>That’s without even getting into some of the AI capabilities of the software. It can, for example, count all the trees in a given orchard – and even give you the elevation of a specific tree.</p><p><em>Below: An NDVI image of one of the farms in the Kelowna project.</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNjE5NDM0MzU1LVNjcmVlbnNob3QtMjAyNC0wOC0wMS1hdC0xMi4xNy41My1QTS5wbmcgY29weS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">Now What?</h3><p>At this phase of the project, InDro is gathering data by drone alone. But as it progresses, two more things will happen: We will introduce ground robots and precision spraying.</p><p>The plan is that a ground robot will initially be fitted with the same kind of multispectral sensor used by the drone. Autonomous missions will be plotted and the robot will capture a series of images from the ground as it drives through the orchard. That data will be crunched and compared with the results captured from the air.</p><p>“This is a way of doing ground-based validation of what we’re seeing from the air, from the aerial images of the drones,” says Dr. Saczuk.&nbsp;</p><p>Once that validation is complete and if problem areas are detected, the next phase would involve precision spraying – which could be carried out by an <a href="https://indrorobotics.ca/heavy-lift-agras-drone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AGRAS agricultural drone</a> – or even potentially by ground robot. Because all of the data is georeferenced, that means the fertilizer (or possibly pesticide or herbicide, depending on the issue) can be precisely applied to only the required locations. That, of course, is where the term Precision Agriculture comes from.</p><p><br></p><h3>Vice-Versa</h3><p>This project is data-driven, with aerial and ground acquisition. But at the outset, shortly after our initial flight in April of 2024, farmer Riley Johnson noticed that a couple of trees weren’t doing well. It wasn’t clear what was causing this failure to thrive, but he didn’t want to take any chances that a potential disease might spread further in the orchard. So those trees were taken down.</p><p>In this case, because the issue was spotted early and the location was known, Dr. Saczuk is quite interested in doing some deep drilling into the data at that spot. In fact, that’s the very issue he has recently been exploring.</p><p>“So we’ve got that data, that information that’s saying, ‘Hey, these trees were actually not doing well.’ And then the next question is: Can we see anything in the multi-spectral images that would indicate that these trees are somehow spectrally or reflecting light differently than the ones that are healthy?”</p><p>This is something that is also of particular interest to Johnson. Will the data reflect what years of experience indicated was a problem to his naked eye?</p><p>“As the season progresses, it will be really interesting to see what InDro comes up with,” he says. “But I can definitely see the value of this for someone just getting into farming, or for farms up the hills with new plantings, new growth. This could be very useful.”</p><p><em>Below: Another image of a Kelowna orchard from this project, showing elevation</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNjE5NTkxMzMxLVNjcmVlbnNob3QtMjAyNC0wOC0wMS1hdC0xMi4xOS4yNy1QTS5wbmcgY29weS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em></p><h3 id="isPasted">InDro's Take</h3><p>We’ve been involved with precision agriculture projects in the past. In fact, we pioneered a “<a href="https://indrorobotics.ca/indros-drone-in-a-box-offers-precision-agriculture/" target="_blank">drone-in-a-box</a>‘ solution, where we’ve shipped a drone to farmers. We talk them through the process of being a visual observer, then instruct them on how to power up the drone. InDro then carries out the flight remotely, using 4G or 5G – while in constant contact with the observer. When it’s done, the farmer puts the drone in the box and sends it back. InDro carries out the data analysis and quickly sends an easy-to-understand report indicating what areas require attention – and what kind of attention they require.</p><p>But this project is very different, and exciting for multiple reasons.</p><p>“The bi-weekly flights by drone will provide a huge amount of timely data, enabling us to detect any potential problems at an early stage,” says InDro Robotics Founder and CEO Philip Reece. “But by adding robots to validate from the ground, we’ll have a more robust dataset that can be used to truly pinpoint areas of concern and which may require precision spraying. We are going to learn a lot with this project – and believe our findings will be of great benefit to farmers down the road.”</p><p>A final note. When Dr. Saczuk isn’t carrying out these flights, they’re being flown by a new addition to the InDro team, &nbsp;Jon Chubb. He’s already had interest from other farmers in the Okanogan who are eager to maximize their own yields and have an early detection system for any trouble spots. If you’re in that neck of the woods and would like to arrange a demo, you can contact Jon <a href="mailto:jon.chubb@indrorobotics.com" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>

Kelowna Precision Agriculture Project

Drones and Ground Robots for Precision Agriculture

<p id="isPasted">Neural networks have made a seismic impact on how engineers design controllers for robots, catalyzing more adaptive and efficient machines. Still, these brain-like machine-learning systems are a double-edged sword: Their complexity makes them powerful, but it also makes it difficult to guarantee that a robot powered by a neural network will safely accomplish its task.<br><br>The traditional way to verify safety and stability is through techniques called Lyapunov functions. If you can find a Lyapunov function whose value consistently decreases, then you can know that unsafe or unstable situations associated with higher values will never happen. For robots controlled by neural networks, though, prior approaches for verifying Lyapunov conditions didn’t scale well to complex machines.</p><p>Researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and elsewhere have now developed new techniques that rigorously certify Lyapunov calculations in more elaborate systems. Their algorithm efficiently searches for and verifies a Lyapunov function, providing a stability guarantee for the system. This approach could potentially enable safer deployment of robots and autonomous vehicles, including aircraft and spacecraft.</p><p>To outperform previous algorithms, the researchers found a frugal shortcut to the training and verification process. They generated cheaper counterexamples — for example, adversarial data from sensors that could’ve thrown off the controller — and then optimized the robotic system to account for them. Understanding these edge cases helped machines learn how to handle challenging circumstances, which enabled them to operate safely in a wider range of conditions than previously possible. Then, they developed a novel verification formulation that enables the use of a scalable neural network verifier, α,β-CROWN, to provide rigorous worst-case scenario guarantees beyond the counterexamples.</p><p>“We’ve seen some impressive empirical performances in AI-controlled machines like humanoids and robotic dogs, but these AI controllers lack the formal guarantees that are crucial for safety-critical systems,” says Lujie Yang, MIT electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) PhD student and CSAIL affiliate who is a co-lead author of a new paper on the project alongside Toyota Research Institute researcher Hongkai Dai SM ’12, PhD ’16. “Our work bridges the gap between that level of performance from neural network controllers and the safety guarantees needed to deploy more complex neural network controllers in the real world,” notes Yang.</p><p>For a digital demonstration, the team simulated how a quadrotor drone with lidar sensors would stabilize in a two-dimensional environment. Their algorithm successfully guided the drone to a stable hover position, using only the limited environmental information provided by the lidar sensors. In two other experiments, their approach enabled the stable operation of two simulated robotic systems over a wider range of conditions: an inverted pendulum and a path-tracking vehicle. These experiments, though modest, are relatively more complex than what the neural network verification community could have done before, especially because they included sensor models.<br><br>“Unlike common machine learning problems, the rigorous use of neural networks as Lyapunov functions requires solving hard global optimization problems, and thus scalability is the key bottleneck,” says Sicun Gao, associate professor of computer science and engineering at the University of California at San Diego, who wasn’t involved in this work. “The current work makes an important contribution by developing algorithmic approaches that are much better tailored to the particular use of neural networks as Lyapunov functions in control problems. It achieves impressive improvement in scalability and the quality of solutions over existing approaches. The work opens up exciting directions for further development of optimization algorithms for neural Lyapunov methods and the rigorous use of deep learning in control and robotics in general.”</p><p>Yang and her colleagues’ stability approach has potential wide-ranging applications where guaranteeing safety is crucial. It could help ensure a smoother ride for autonomous vehicles, like aircraft and spacecraft. Likewise, a drone delivering items or mapping out different terrains could benefit from such safety guarantees.</p><p>The techniques developed here are very general and aren’t just specific to robotics; the same techniques could potentially assist with other applications, such as biomedicine and industrial processing, in the future.<br><br>While the technique is an upgrade from prior works in terms of scalability, the researchers are exploring how it can perform better in systems with higher dimensions. They’d also like to account for data beyond lidar readings, like images and point clouds.</p><p>As a future research direction, the team would like to provide the same stability guarantees for systems that are in uncertain environments and subject to disturbances. For instance, if a drone faces a strong gust of wind, Yang and her colleagues want to ensure it’ll still fly steadily and complete the desired task.&nbsp;<br><br>Also, they intend to apply their method to optimization problems, where the goal would be to minimize the time and distance a robot needs to complete a task while remaining steady. They plan to extend their technique to humanoids and other real-world machines, where a robot needs to stay stable while making contact with its surroundings.<br><br>Russ Tedrake, the Toyota Professor of EECS, Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Mechanical Engineering at MIT, vice president of robotics research at TRI, and CSAIL member, is a senior author of this research. The paper also credits University of California at Los Angeles PhD student Zhouxing Shi and associate professor Cho-Jui Hsieh, as well as University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign assistant professor Huan Zhang. Their work was supported, in part, by Amazon, the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the AI2050 program at Schmidt Sciences. The researchers’ paper will be presented at the 2024 International Conference on Machine Learning.</p>

MIT CSAIL researchers helped design a new technique that can guarantee the stability of robots controlled by neural networks. This development could eventually lead to safer autonomous vehicles and industrial robots. Image: Alex Shipps/MIT CSAIL

Neural network controllers provide complex robots with stability guarantees, paving the way for the safer deployment of autonomous vehicles and industrial machines.

Creating and verifying stable AI-controlled systems in a rigorous and flexible way

<p id="isPasted">We did a quick check, just now, on the current wildfire situation in British Columbia.</p><p>Nine wildfires were burning and labelled as “Out of Control” by the BC Wildfire Service. An additional two fires were categorised as “Wildfires of Note.” And we’re still very early in the wildfire season.</p><p>Recent years have seen an increase in devastating wildfires – in British Columbia, Alberta, California, Hawaii and elsewhere in North America. A 2014 fire in the Northwest Territories completely destroyed 8.5 million acres (3.44M hectares). There have also been massive wildfires in Portugal, Australia (42 million acres/17M hectares burned in 2019/2020), Russia – and other countries as well.</p><p>These examples are indicative of a trend; there’s compelling (and troubling) data to back this up.</p><p>“Multiple studies have found that climate change has already led to an increase in wildfire season length, wildfire frequency, and burned area,” says the United States Environmental Protection Agency. “The wildfire season has lengthened in many areas due to factors including warmer springs, longer summer dry seasons, and drier soils and vegetation.”</p><p>What’s worse is that major wildfires actually contribute to the likelihood there will be more of them in the future.</p><p>“Climate change is one of the major drivers of increasing fire activity,” says the <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank">World Resources Institute</a>, which states that “the <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/?map=eyJkYXRhc2V0cyI6W3siZGF0YXNldCI6InRyZWUtY292ZXItbG9zcy1maXJlcyIsIm9wYWNpdHkiOjEsInZpc2liaWxpdHkiOnRydWUsImxheWVycyI6WyJ0cmVlLWNvdmVyLWxvc3MtZmlyZXMiXX0seyJkYXRhc2V0IjoicG9saXRpY2FsLWJvdW5kYXJpZXMiLCJsYXllcnMiOlsiZGlzcHV0ZWQtcG9saXRpY2FsLWJvdW5kYXJpZXMiLCJwb2xpdGljYWwtYm91bmRhcmllcyJdLCJvcGFjaXR5IjoxLCJ2aXNpYmlsaXR5Ijp0cnVlfSx7ImRhdGFzZXQiOiJ0cmVlLWNvdmVyIiwibGF5ZXJzIjpbInRyZWUtY292ZXItMjAxMCJdLCJvcGFjaXR5IjoxLCJ2aXNpYmlsaXR5Ijp0cnVlfV19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">latest data</a> on forest fires confirms what we’ve long feared: Forest fires are becoming more widespread, burning nearly twice as much tree cover today as they did 20 years ago…</p><p>“Extreme heat waves are already <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 times more likely</a> today than they were 150 years ago and are expected to become even more frequent as the planet continues to warm. Hotter temperatures <a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/08/climate-change-and-droughts-whats-the-connection/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dry out the landscape</a> and help create the <a href="https://www.edf.org/climate/heres-how-climate-change-affects-wildfires" target="_blank" rel="noopener">perfect environment</a> for larger, more frequent forest fires. This in turn leads to higher emissions from forest fires, further exacerbating climate change and contributing to more fires as part of a “<a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/6-graphics-explain-climate-feedback-loop-fueling-us-fires" target="_blank">fire-climate feedback loop</a>.”</p><p>This is, obviously, concerning. Existing firefighting and fire suppression techniques haven’t changed much over the years – and the threat is growing.</p><p>A new Canadian company, SkyScout AI, believes it holds part of the solution. And after seeing a demonstration of some of its capabilities recently in British Columbia, we’re inclined to agree.</p><p><em>Below: SkyScout Ai’s Shawn Bethel prepares a “drone tanker” at a demonstration outside Penticton. Scott Simmie photo</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NTk5NzQxMTE1LURTQ0Y3Mzg3LXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Drone Tank Prep"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">Sky Scout AI</h3><p>So. What is SkyScout Ai – and what does its solution entail?</p><p>It starts with the leadership.</p><p>“It’s a company that’s comprised of people who want to make a difference for their communities and trying to save them as climate change drives increase in fire activity,” says Chief Operations Officer and Co-Founder Geoff Griffiths.</p><p>We’ll explore some of that shortly. First, though, we asked Griffiths for his elevator pitch.</p><p>“We’ve come up with a first-in-class vertically integrated solution&nbsp;that spans satellite and drone early detection. And we have the capability with our drone tanker to not only fight the fire but protect the communities from fire by pre-treating vegetation and housing with our EPA-certified fire inhibitor called Citrotech. So it really is about a fully vertically integrated approach that really focuses on interface fires – those fires that interface with communities and critical infrastructure, that’s really our niche.”</p><p>All you have to do is think back to Kelowna last year and the threat posed to the city by wildfires. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDougall_Creek_fire#:~:text=The%20McDougall%20Creek%20Fire%20was,at%205%3A59%20pm%20PDT." target="_blank">McDougall Creek Fire</a> forced the evacuation of West Kelowna and made headlines across the country. Griffiths has seen such fires hit close to home.</p><p>“My parents were living in Kelowna during a major wildfire in 2003. Their neighbourhood burned down so it’s always been in the back of my mind – wanting to do something.”</p><p><em>Below: Helping detect and proactively inhibit wildfires also protects wildlife. Scott Simmie photo</em><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NTk5Nzc3OTcwLURTQ0Y3MjY3LXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Wildlife"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">How It Works</h3><p>The SkyScout Ai system integrates multiple components that collectively can – as the company states – “Detect, respond, protect.” And there’s a lot of technology at play to make that happen.</p><p>Though the startup is at the demonstration stage, here’s how the fully integrated system will work.</p><p>Let’s take the city of Kelowna as an example. In a long-term, proactive scenario, SkyScout Ai would place multiple permanent drone docks at several locations around the city. Those weather-resistant docks would contain drones with high-resolution thermal sensors. They’re simply sitting, with the drones fully charged, waiting for a signal.</p><p>That signal could come, automatically, from satellite data. Satellites are capable of detecting thermal hotspots and lightning strikes. So, in this example, let’s say a lightning strike is detected near Kelowna. That data and GPS location is instantly relayed, via SkyScout Ai’s software, to one or more of the thermal drones. The docks open and the drones launch, headed to the area of interest.</p><p>If the drones pick up a thermal signature – a fire – that information can, in turn, be relayed immediately to First Responders. So a fire crew might be quickly dispatched. Because this early warning system can detect so quickly, that crew will have a much better chance of extinguishing a fledgling fire.</p><p>But, as we all know, fires can spread tremendously fast. And that’s where SkyScout Ai has some other options to help protect valuable assets. Those options include what the company calls “tanker drones” and a very unique product called Citrotech. It’s a food-grade fire inhibitor that can prevent ignition (and which we’ve seen in action).</p><p>If it’s still a small fire, a tanker drone carrying Citrotech could be dispatched to extinguish the fire by aerosolising that compound over the site. But don’t start thinking this has the power of a water bomber – it doesn’t (though the company envisions larger drone tankers in its future).</p><p>Rather, a drone carrying Citrotech on board has the capability to protect infrastructure at that wildfire-urban interface point. The tanker can quickly spray the roofs of multiple homes or other structures requiring protecting. The product dries quickly and crystallises. Once applied, it is nearly impossible for that protected surface to ignite – even if that roof gets coated with burning embers (a common way houses are ignited during wildfires). Citrotech could also be sprayed on dry vegetation near those structures, effectively creating a firebreak.</p><p>“Citrotech modifies the material its on at a molecular level and has extremely high efficacy when it’s dry,” explains Chief Commercial Officer and Co-Founder Shawn Bethel. “So it coats combustible vegetation and really just inhibits the ability of combustible vegetation to combust. You can’t get it to ignite.”</p><p>Bethel knows what he’s talking about when it comes to wildfires. He’s the former BC Provincial Fire Control Officer – who was responsible for all of BC’s firefighting resources out of the Provincial Wildfire Operations Centre. His <a href="https://www.skyscoutai.com/team" target="_blank">bio on the SkyScout Ai website</a> says “He brings 25+ years of operational wildland fire management experience including senior roles on incident command teams and aerial firefighting asset management. Shawn also brings an additional 15+ years working in the private sector spearheading global business operations with technology services companies providing wildfire mitigation solutions and fire aviation services.”</p><p>So Bethel obviously has deep expertise in wildfires, including all available suppression technologies.</p><p>“SkyScout Ai is pushing to protect the wildland-urban interface from new fires starting from ember transfers and lightning strikes,” he says. “When it’s applied in advance of anticipated new wildfire activity, it has time to dry – which is easy to do during drought wildfire weather conditions – and essentially stops fire in its tracks.”</p><p>Again – this is not a solution to extinguish a massive raging fire. But it definitely is capable of stopping small fires from becoming larger, and protecting homes, vineyards, orchards and critical infrastructure from igniting.</p><p>“This is not for Rank 6 conflagration fires. What this is for inception fires, combustible vegetation near homes, near assets, and for infrastructure and roadways. Citrotech is an excellent fire inhibiting product.”</p><p><em>Below: Shawn Bethel, followed by a DJI Agras T-40 during a SkyScout Ai demonstration. The company envisions larger “drone tankers” in its future. Scott Simmie photos.</em></p><p><em><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NTk5ODE3NTgwLURTQ0Y3MDA3LXNjYWxlZC5qcGcud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Shawn Bethel"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE5NTk5ODMxODk1LURTQ0Y3MTUzLXNjYWxlZC5qcGctMi53ZWJwIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Spraying Drone"></em><br></p><h3 id="isPasted">Sky Scout AI In Action&nbsp;</h3><p>At the end of May, 2024, SkyScout Ai brought its mobile Command Centre to a location outside Penticton, where vineyards – also highly vulnerable to wildfire – pepper the lush hills of the Okanogan Valley. That command centre (the first of many planned) contained a dock for a thermal drone, a massive spraying drone (in this case, a DJI Agras T-40), Citrotech and a control centre for the pilot(s) who will monitor autonomous operations and manually fly the tanker drone when necessary. That Command Centre, btw, is towed on a trailer. But it has been designed to quickly detach and the entire operation can be lifted by helicopter to any location where it’s required.</p><p>SkyScout Ai came to test its technology in advance of forthcoming demonstrations for the media, First Responders and other decision makers.</p><p>During testing, a small fire was set using a small fire starter brick placed on a stone. A thermal drone with RTK positioning was dispatched to locate the hotspot. In a full demo, that data and GPS location would be &nbsp;automatically forwarded to First Responders or a tanker drone which would head to that spot to dispense Citrotech (which can not only inhibit, but also extinguish).</p><p>That was impressive. But there were two real show-stoppers.</p><p>In the first, a pile of dry tumbleweeds were treated with Citrotech by spraying a fine mist on them (this was done manually, but could easily be done by the tanker drone). Thirty minutes later, a pile of untreated tumbleweeds was placed directly adjacent to the treated section. Then Bethel ignited the untreated pile with a blow torch. Within seconds, flames were shooting about two metres in the air. The burn was rapidly spreading.</p><p>And when it hit the treated tumbleweed? It stopped dead. Nothing burned.</p><h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>Drone Tanker</h3><p>In the second exercise, the drone tanker was filled with water. Two piles of tumbleweeds (one treated, one untreated) were again placed in a pile. The tumbleweeds were ignited and the Agras took off. From a distance of about four metres AGL, the spraying function was engaged. The blaze was extinguished in mere seconds.</p><p>So with near real-time detection using satellites and thermal drones, a tanker (or other First Responder, depending on the threat) could be dispatched literally within minutes of a lightning strike. And if that fire appeared to be growing and potentially threatening homes, vineyards, or other important infrastructure, the tanker could quickly coat these with Citrotech. Because it’s EPA-approved and food-safe, there’s no issue with spraying crops like grapes, cherries, etc. You could literally drink a glass of this stuff and be fine (though we didn’t try that).</p><p><em>Below: Shawn Bethel prepares to manually treat some dry brush with Citrotech</em><em><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1719599925770-DSCF7437-scaled.jpg.webp" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em></p><h3 id="isPasted">Business Model</h3><p>Though the Citrotech is important, a key part of the value proposition is in the early detection and location of fires. The earlier a fire is detected, the better the odds of mitigation before it can get out of control.</p><p>Here, SkyScout Ai has the advantage of integrating that satellite data directly into its software – which can then trigger an immediate launch of one or multiple thermal drones. With RTK positioning, they can get a precise bead on the trouble spot – and send back not only thermal images but also high resolution photos/imagery that can be shared with First Responders. Depending on the size of the conflagration and location, a tanker drone can also be dispatched.</p><p>So the primary business model would be to have a contracts with cities adjacent to forests. The docks with thermal drones would be installed at strategic locations as the first line of defense, with a tanker drone on standby. There’s also the option, as mentioned, to lift the entire command centre by helicopter to a location where it’s urgently needed.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3>Citrotech</h3><p>The fire inhibitor, of course, could be dispensed by drone in the above scenario. But SkyScout Ai has an exclusive distribution contract for Citrotech’s product (known as Mighty Fire Breaker MFB-31) for all of Canada. It has plans to sell the product to individuals or companies that would like to have it handy for the ability to treat their buildings or property in advance of a threat. (Citrotech washes off in the rain, but there’s generally not much rain happening during the drought-like conditions that generally precede major wildfires. When sprayed prior to painting or staining, it remains effective.) So this product is definitely part of the equation.</p><p>“The secret sauce also is the addition of citrotech,” says Geoff Griffiths. “That fire inhibitor is the only fire inhibitor certified by the EPA in the US. It’s a non-toxic option that hasn’t existed before, and as you can see by our demonstration is highly effective.”</p><p>Griffiths says the timing for the SkyScout Ai solution is perfect.</p><p>“Obviously climate change is driving a lot of the wildfire activity that we’re seeing across the world. And regulators, government, private industry now realize that the standard ways they’ve approached wildfires in the past aren’t working or maybe aren’t good enough anymore. They’re open to new approaches.&nbsp;Add in the drone technology, satellite detection, and it’s a critical extra step in the evolution of a solution.”</p><p><em>Below: SkyScout Ai’s first Mobile Command Centre. The entire unit can be quickly detached from its trailer and transported by helicopter to remote locations. Image two: InDro’s Dr. Eric Saczuk prepares a DJI Agras T-40 for flight. Scott Simmie photos.</em><em><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1719600008961-DSCF7333-scaled.jpg.webp" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></em><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1719600024917-DSCF7042-scaled.jpg.webp" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h3 id="isPasted">InDro's Take&nbsp;</h3><p>We’ve been involved with wildfire operations in the past. In Kelowna last year, we were called upon to help detect hotspots indicating subterranean combustion at a landfill. Locating and extinguishing hotspots like these (or burning tree roots – which can burn for weeks and reignite new fires), are also a critical part of wildfire suppression.</p><p>When SkyScout Ai was being formed, InDro Robotics was involved.</p><p>“We’re assisting with technology on the drone side of things,” says InDro Robotics CEO Philip Reece.</p><p>“We’re providing pilots and other technical support. For example, we’re putting our InDro Command module onto the drones. This enables not only Command and Control via 5G and dense data throughput, but also the integration of all of the drone data into the SkyScout Ai dashboard. As the company grows and Transport Canada regulations change, we anticipate assisting with the R&amp;D required for much larger tanker drones…</p><p>“Wildfires can be devastating and the models unfortunately predict will only get worse. We’re proud to be assisting with Scout Ai’s innovative solution.”</p><p>You can learn more about Scout Ai <a href="https://www.skyscoutai.com/" target="_blank">right here</a>.</p>

Sky Scout AI's New Fire Suppression Solution 

New Solution for Wildfire Detection and Mitigation

Drones are integral to military operations globally, especially in high-risk environments where manned flight is impractical. Learn how to integrate sensors into these devices properly. 

Drone PCBAs: Tackling Sensor Integration for Defense & Beyond

<section id="isPasted"><p>Clean, readily available water is absolutely imperative for our health and well-being. A massive part of water maintenance is the regular cleaning of storage tanks. Over time, sediment from particles and minerals in the water sink to the bottom of the tank, eventually creating a layer of sediment or sludge which can impact both the quality of the water and the structural integrity of the tank.</p><h2>Understanding Standpipe Water Tower</h2><p>Standpipe water towers typically represent the most straightforward approach to elevated water storage when dealing with lower capacities. These ground-supported structures closely resemble upright pipes, aligning with their namesake.<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/R2MqI7R1Qd6zr0gIcJ37b/14a9ea400b65fa97c083cbd6a25f7c2f/unnamed.jpg" alt="DESCRIPTION HERE" width="800" height="356" class="fr-fic fr-dii">This straightforward design offers the advantages of a modest initial expense and a space-efficient solution for housing significant water quantities. However, the standpipe design does present its share of challenges.</p><p>Given the substantial surface area relative to volume, standpipe water towers face challenges related to weather-induced fluctuations in water temperature, impacting water quality and causing thermal stratification issues.</p></section><section><p>Learn about the different types of industrial water tanks and how preventive maintenance reduces the tank's deterioration over time.</p><a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/news/water-tank-cleaning-robot" target="_blank" rel="">WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO INSPECT WATER TANKS</a></section><section><h3>Benefits of a Standpipe Water Tank</h3><h3>Cost-Effective</h3><p>The additional elevation of the standpipe tank enables it to harness gravity's force to sustain adequate water pressure, facilitating the effective distribution of water stored within its reserves. The gravity-driven pressure system eliminates the necessity for a pumping mechanism, resulting in significant cost savings and positioning standpipes as one of the most cost-effective storage tank alternatives available.</p><h3>Customizable</h3><p>Standpipe tanks offer a high degree of customization, allowing you to tailor the tank's height to meet seismic, diameter, and loading requirements.</p><h3>Stable and Secure</h3><p>Standpipe tanks are typically constructed from factory-coated epoxy and glass-fused bolted steel materials, ensuring their long-lasting durability. Unlike lower-quality tanks that may require frequent replacement, these tanks are designed to stand the test of time.</p><p>Their robust construction virtually eliminates the risk of leakage and significantly reduces the likelihood of damage. Furthermore, the bolted steel construction provides effective protection against thermal stratification, a common issue in standpipe tanks due to their increased height, which exposes them to more sunlight and, consequently, heat. Standpipe tanks are among our most dependable and resilient designs.</p></section><section><h2>Ensuring Water Quality: The Importance of Standpipe Water Tank Cleaning</h2><img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/5QIged8xUPu7Q7zZV23HTm/f5e05980fc3de1ed8e6c440f1e86dd67/Outlet_cleaning__2_.jpg" alt="DESCRIPTION HERE" width="800" height="356" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Cleaning standpipe water tanks is essential to maintain water quality and ensure the safety of stored water. Over time, sediment, debris, and contaminants can accumulate inside the tank, leading to potential health risks and water quality deterioration.<p>Regular cleaning helps prevent issues like bacterial growth, algae formation, and the buildup of sludge, all of which can compromise the purity and safety of the water supply.</p><p>Regular cleaning of standpipe water tanks is crucial for maintaining water quality and ensuring the safety of stored water. Discover why this practice is essential for health and longevity.</p><h3>Preventing Microbial Growth: A Health Imperative</h3><p>Standpipe water tanks, if not cleaned regularly, become breeding grounds for harmful microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and fungi. Learn how routine cleaning inhibits microbial growth, preventing health risks associated with waterborne diseases such as typhoid, legionella, and malaria. Routine cleaning and disinfection inhibits the growth of these microorganisms, ensuring that microbes are reduced and the formation of biofilms caused by stagnant water is prevented, and the water remains safe for consumption.</p><p>The World Bank estimates that approximately 1.8 million people die each year from diarrheal diseases linked to unsafe water and poor sanitation. Regular tank cleaning can help reduce the risk of waterborne diseases by ensuring clean and safe drinking water.</p><h3>Extending Tank Longevity</h3><p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.awwa.org/" target="_blank">American Water Works Association (AWWA)&nbsp;</a>notes that the accumulation of sediments and corrosive elements can result in costly repairs and premature tank replacement.</p><p>The buildup of sediment, debris, and corrosive agents inside the tank can result in structural degradation and corrosion. Failing to conduct proper cleaning procedures can substantially diminish the tank's longevity, potentially necessitating expensive repairs or early replacement. Consistent and thorough cleaning plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the tank's structural integrity, ultimately prolonging its effective operational lifespan.</p><h3>Ensuring Regulatory Compliance</h3><p>Maintaining water quality is vital to meeting health and safety standards. Unclean tanks can compromise water quality, leading to potential violations of regulatory guidelines. Regular cleaning helps ensure that water quality is consistently within acceptable limits, reducing the risk of non-compliance and associated penalties.</p><p>Various regulatory bodies, such as state and federal agencies, have guidelines and regulations for water quality and tank maintenance. Non-compliance can result in fines and penalties.</p><h3>Detecting and Preventing Damage</h3><img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/2XZ6QMUbMnWi1I2apZRh5l/a6f8f99a37880dcecb2d6c231bcde357/zsolt-palatinus-pEK3AbP8wa4-unsplash.jpg" alt="DESCRIPTION HERE" width="800" height="356" class="fr-fic fr-dii">During the cleaning process, inspectors can identify potential issues such as leaks, cracks, or material deterioration. Timely detection of damage allows for prompt repairs, preventing more extensive and costly problems down the road. This proactive approach helps safeguard the overall functionality of the tank.<p>Sediment and debris in a water tank can also displace a significant volume of water, leading to water loss. According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.epa.gov/home" target="_blank">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)</a>, water loss due to sediment buildup can be as high as 20% of the tank's capacity.</p></section><section><h2>Cleaning Standpipe Water Tanks: Exploring Effective Methods</h2><p>Various methods are employed to effectively remove sediment, contaminants, and debris that can accumulate inside these tanks over time. From manual cleaning procedures to advanced technologies like remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), each method serves the vital purpose of preserving the safety and reliability of the water supply system. In this section, we will explore some of these methods used for cleaning standpipe water tanks and their respective advantages and applications.</p><h3>Manual Cleaning: A Traditional Approach for Smaller Tanks</h3><p>Manual cleaning is one of the traditional methods used for cleaning standpipe water tanks, particularly in smaller tanks where access is relatively straightforward. Trained personnel enter the tank and physically remove sediment, debris, and contaminants. This method often involves the use of tools like shovels, brushes, and squeegees. While effective for small tanks, it can be labor-intensive and time-consuming.</p><p>The process involves draining the tank, entering and inspecting, scrubbing and cleaning with tools, disinfection, and finally, inspection and repair.</p><h3>Advantages:</h3><p>Suitable for smaller standpipe tanks with straightforward access. Allows for a detailed visual inspection of the tank's interior. Can be cost-effective for smaller tanks.</p><h3>Challenges and Limitations:</h3><p>Labor-Intensive: Manual cleaning can be physically demanding and time-consuming, especially for larger tanks. Limited practicality for larger tanks: It is less practical for larger or deeper tanks where entry is more challenging. Water Disposal challenges: Handling and disposing of the water drained from the tank can be logistically challenging and wasteful. Safety Concerns: Workers must adhere to strict safety protocols when entering confined spaces and handling cleaning materials. Surfaces may be slippery due to sediment or cleaning agents. Risk of contracting waterborne diseases and contamination, in a confined space in the presence of hazardous chemicals. Limited Reach in Complex Designs: Manual cleaning may not effectively reach all areas, especially in complex tank designs.</p><h3>Diver Cleaning</h3><img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/1ooByIv9M0juoZQMPmZ8Pu/fa97d784e47d19821ad8a15c4b7afea3/diver-ge1df722b6_1280.jpg" alt="DESCRIPTION HERE" width="800" height="356" class="fr-fic fr-dii">In larger tanks with deeper water levels, professional certified divers may be employed to enter the water tank and perform cleaning and inspection tasks underwater. Divers equipped with specialized cleaning equipment and underwater tools can effectively clean and inspect the tank's interior. This method is particularly suited for larger tanks where human entry is necessary due to depth, access restrictions, or complex structural features.<h3>Advantages:</h3><ul><li>Suitable for larger standpipe tanks with challenging access or deep water levels.</li><li>Allows for a thorough visual inspection of the tank's interior.</li><li>Effective in removing sediments and biofilms that may not be reached by other methods.</li></ul><h3>Challenges and Limitations:</h3><p>Costly: Diver cleaning can be expensive due to the specialized training, insurance, and equipment required. Limited to Depth: Diver cleaning is primarily used for tanks with sufficient water depth to require human entry. Safety Risks: Diver safety is of utmost concern, and stringent safety protocols must be followed. As well as the risk of being submerged in a confined space, there also may be low visibility which makes it dangerous and difficult to assess areas of inspection. Water Containment: Proper containment and disposal of water and contaminants removed during the cleaning process are essential.</p><h3>Remotely Operated Vehicles</h3><img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/2ytZ3qTp5hdwHHXBogaxS9/f159fe0a05f5d9192558ab2bdd1a900b/Deep-Trekker_family-hero.jpg" alt="DESCRIPTION HERE" width="800" height="356" class="fr-fic fr-dii">ROVs have revolutionized the cleaning of standpipe water tanks, especially for large or difficult-to-access tanks. These robotic vehicles are equipped with cameras and cleaning tools, allowing operators to remotely navigate and clean the tank's interior. ROVs are ideal for efficiently cleaning and inspecting tanks, ensuring thorough and consistent results without the need for human entry.<h3>Advantages:</h3><ul><li>Safety: ROVs eliminate the need for human entry into confined spaces, reducing the risk to workers.</li><li>Thorough Inspection: High-definition cameras provide detailed visuals of the tank's interior, aiding in identifying issues.</li><li>Efficiency: ROVs can access challenging areas and effectively remove contaminants. Reduces the time needed: quick deployment, does not need scheduling with divers.</li><li>Portable, compact, and battery powered allows for convenient transportation.</li><li>Allows for real time monitoring of the cleaning process and provides a detailed visual record and easy reporting.</li><li>Easy to sanitize and prevent contaminants from entering the water with a diver.</li><li>Cost-Effective: In the long run, ROVs can be cost-effective due to reduced labor and maintenance costs compared to manual or diver cleaning.</li></ul><h3>Challenges and Limitations:</h3><ul><li>Initial Cost: The setup cost for ROV equipment and training may be relatively high, especially for smaller organizations.</li><li>Limited Physical Manipulation: ROVs may have limitations in terms of the size and weight of objects they can manipulate.</li><li>Limited Reach: ROVs may have limitations in accessing extremely tight spaces or navigating complex tank designs.</li></ul></section><section><h2>Exploring Efficiency: A Standpipe Cleaning Case Study with Ron Perrin Water Technologies, Inc.</h2><p>In an exclusive conversation with Robert Perrin of Ron Perrin Water Technologies, Inc., we delved into the transformative impact of deploying the Deep Trekker VAC crawler, affectionately known as "Wallie," for standpipe cleaning projects. Wallie has proven to be an indispensable asset, particularly for standpipes exceeding 100 feet in height.</p><h3>Saving Resources and Time:</h3>Robert highlighted a significant shift in their cleaning approach, stating, "We use the vehicle instead of divers for tank cleaning." Previously, draining tanks for cleaning resulted in substantial water loss, up to 100,000 gallons. With the advent of the Deep Trekker VAC crawler, the Ron Perrin team now achieves efficient cleaning without taking the facility out of service, preserving valuable resources.<h3>Key Decision Factors:</h3>When opting for Deep Trekker, Robert emphasized pivotal factors in their decision-making process. Affordability played a crucial role, and the VAC crawler's lightweight design distinguished it from competitors, offering enhanced portability.<h3>Safety and Efficiency in Operations:</h3>Portability is paramount for the Ron Perrin team, especially when navigating complex standpipe environments. According to Robert, transporting the utility crawler over 110 feet in the air and submerging it into the water demands a safe and efficient solution—the Deep Trekker VAC crawler perfectly fits this requirement.<p>The decision to use the VAC crawler instead of human divers is rooted in safety and efficiency. Robert explained, "We often deal with at least 100 feet of water, so the divers can’t stay down as long as the Deep Trekker can." This choice not only enhances safety but also ensures cleaning tasks are completed promptly.</p><h3>Reliability and Durability:</h3>Expressing satisfaction, Robert noted, "Our crew likes the vehicle; they think it’s fun to use." He emphasized the reliability and durability of the VAC crawler, highlighting its consistent performance as a crucial aspect of their operations.<h3>Customer-Centric Experience:</h3>Robert praised Deep Trekker's commitment to customer needs, stating that the company has "always taken care of our needs." The emphasis on customer experience is evident in the reliability, support, and functionality of the Deep Trekker products.<h3>Conclusion:</h3>We extend our sincere thanks to Robert and Ron Perrin Water Technologies for sharing their story. For further updates, you can follow Ron Perrin Water Technologies on Facebook, LinkedIn, and explore their blog. The innovative use of Deep Trekker VAC crawler showcases the intersection of efficiency, safety, and reliability in standpipe water tank cleaning.<h2>Unlocking Efficiency with Deep Trekker VAC Crawler for Standpipe Cleaning</h2><img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/bzTXVBzuZz90ZdsPMmi6o/1542ba5048af488075b6ebd0ab766464/deep_trekker_dt640_vac_vacuum_crawler_side-removebg-preview.png" alt="DESCRIPTION HERE" width="800" height="356" class="fr-fic fr-dii">In the realm of standpipe cleaning, the Deep Trekker VAC Crawler emerges as a purpose-built ROV, meticulously designed to navigate and thrive in challenging underwater environments. This section unveils the distinctive advantages that position the VAC Crawler as the ultimate solution for efficient, reliable, and cost-effective standpipe tank cleanings.<h3>Built for Versatility and Durability</h3><p>Deep Trekker ROVs are meticulously engineered for adaptability, rendering them essential instruments across various sectors and applications. Crafted from top-tier materials like stainless steel, precision-machined anodized aluminum, and fortified with carbon fiber shielding, they exhibit remarkable durability, readily withstanding the harshest of conditions.</p><h3>Time-Efficient Deployment and Advanced Features</h3><p>Experience swift deployment and operational efficiency with Deep Trekker ROVs. The VAC Crawler, powered by lithium-ion batteries, eliminates the need for a topside power source, enhancing portability. With advanced features like powerful LED lighting, real-time 4K video feed, 360-degree field of view, underwater imaging sonar, and seamless integration with sampling tools, it's equipped for comprehensive standpipe inspections and cleanings.</p><h3>Expert Guidance and Tailored Solutions</h3><p>Our team of seasoned industry experts are ready to offer their expertise and address any queries you may have regarding the incorporation of submersible robots into your projects. Whether your operations involve water tank inspections and cleaning, salvage operations, underwater inspections, search and recovery missions, aquaculture, environmental monitoring, or many other applications, we are at your service to help you understand how our ROVs can be tailored to meet your distinct needs.</p><h3>Secure Your Deep Trekker ROV Today</h3><p>The Deep Trekker VAC Crawler is not just an ROV; it's a transformative solution reshaping the landscape of standpipe cleaning. Elevate your approach to underwater inspections and cleanings with the efficiency, durability, and adaptability of Deep Trekker ROVs.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/contact-us" target="_blank">Contact us</a> to receive a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/request-quote" target="_blank">customized quote</a> tailored precisely to your project requirements. By incorporating Deep Trekker ROVs into your standpipe cleaning operations, you secure unparalleled safety, efficiency, and success in your underwater maintenance projects.</p></section>

Discover the ultimate standpipe water tank cleaning solution with ROVs. Redefine efficiency, adaptability, and speed for elevated underwater maintenance projects.

Revolutionizing Standpipe Water Tank Maintenance with ROVs

<h1 id="isPasted">How to Combat Signal Integrity Issues in High-Speed Drone PCBAs</h1><section><p>Drones are everywhere. They’re changing the way we work and live, from <a href="https://insideunmannedsystems.com/use-of-small-uas-on-the-u-s-border-on-the-rise/" target="_blank">keeping borders safe in the U.S.</a> to fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. But what makes a drone work reliably?</p><p>At the heart of every drone is its high-speed Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA), a critical component that dictates the device’s performance and reliability. However, a PCBA with a suboptimal design can suffer from poor signal integrity (SI), leading to reflections, crosstalk, and ground bounce. These issues can compromise the circuit’s stability and overall performance.</p><p>Reflections can cause erratic flight behavior or even loss of control caused by glitches and errors in received signals. Crosstalk introduces unwanted noise into critical signals, interfering with sensor data or motor control commands. Voltage fluctuations caused by ground bounce can disrupt power delivery and potentially lead to unexpected shutdowns or malfunctions. In short, poor SI<br>jeopardizes the stability and smooth operation of the entire drone.</p><p>Given the slim margin for error, it is crucial for circuit designers to understand the nuances of signal integrity within drone PCBAs. This article explains what signal integrity is, why it matters to achieving quality PCB fabrication, symptoms of poor SI, and how using simulation tools can fix these issues early on in the PCB layout process.</p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718284953770-1718284953770.png" alt="1uihjfiun" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p><em><a href="https://www.tet.tuhh.de/en/research/signal-and-power-integrity-si-pi/" target="_blank">Via Array Modeling for Application in Fast, Energy-Efficient Digital Systems Ph.D Thesis Sebastian Miller</a></em></p><h2></h2><h3>Understanding Signal Integrity in Drones</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718284953499-1718284953499.png" alt="2mioewnf" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>In digital systems like drones, information moves between components using signals that are basically voltage levels representing binary “0” or “1”. Signal integrity focuses on the quality and timing of signals during a system’s data<br>transmission.</p><p>A digital signal with good integrity maintains the correct levels—both for voltage amplitude and timing. Amplitude integrity ensures that the signal’s voltage waveform is accurate and is within the required range for the receiver to interpret it correctly. Time integrity ensures that the signal’s switching edges arrive at the receiver’s input within the appropriate time frame.</p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718284953446-1718284953446.png" alt="3iowepjfk" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>Interconnects are the conductive paths these signals travel from the source component to the destination component. They include everything in the path: packages, solder balls, connectors, circuit board traces, cables, and component leads.</p><p>The main challenge with signal integrity comes from interconnects’ physical properties, like resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The resistance in the interconnects drops voltage levels, weakening signals by the time they reach the receiver. Also, at high frequencies, the interconnect’s capacitance and inductance cause crosstalk and electromagnetic interference (EMI).</p><p>As such, in PCBA design for drones, interconnects are complex frequency-dependent parasitic elements. Under certain conditions, their properties can distort or weaken signals especially in high-speed data transmission, posing a challenge for maintaining signal integrity.</p><h2></h2><h3>Common Signal Integrity Issues in Drone PCBAs</h3><p>Signal integrity quality in drone PCBAs directly impacts the bit error rate during data transmission. In turn, this affects a drone's performance. Common causes of poor signal integrity include:</p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718284953101-1718284953101.png" alt="4ouinhfisd" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><ul><li><strong>Crosstalk:</strong> This occurs when a signal from one conductive path unintentionally affects another, mainly from capacitive or inductive coupling in the transmission paths. Crosstalk can lead to incorrect logic switching on the quiet trace and alter the timing on active traces.</li><li><strong>Reflections:</strong> These happen when electrical currents in PCB traces, which have a specific direction, encounter a change in impedance in the transmission path. This mismatch can cause part of the signal to bounce back, interfering with the incoming signal. Reflections can lead to false clock triggering, increased jitter, and more unwanted emissions from the PCB, all of which degrade the drone's performance.</li><li><strong>Ground Bounce:</strong> Sometimes referred to as simultaneous switching noise (SSN) or delta-I noise, ground bounce happens when the ground voltage in a circuit board temporarily spikes. This is due to the inductance in the circuit paths or the inductance from the components' leads when multiple signals switch on or off at the same time. It causes signal distortion, wrong signal reading, and slower data transmission.</li></ul><h2></h2><h3>Drone PCBA Design Challenges Causing Poor SI</h3><p>Flight is energetically expensive, especially for smaller devices. This is mainly because of the challenges that come with making vehicles smaller. Smaller sizes mean motors are less powerful for their size, mechanical parts like gears and bearings become less efficient as a result of more friction, and air resistance affects them more due to changes in airflow characteristics (Reynolds numbers).</p><p>To manage these issues, drone PCBAs are designed to be compact, dense, and fast to pack more functions into a smaller space. They also use multi-layer boards to improve routing. But, this necessary design approach also makes them more likely to have signal integrity problems.</p><p>Here are some drone PCBA design challenges:</p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718284953571-1718284953570.png" alt="5ionegikjsd" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>High-Speed Multilayer PCBs: Multilayer PCBs in drones, designed for high-speed signal transfer, include vias that connect different PCB layers. At high frequencies, these vias can introduce impedance mismatches, leading to signal reflections.</p><p><strong>Layer Count and Thickness:</strong> The complexity of drone PCBAs often requires a high layer count, which thickens the PCB. This thickness increases via heights, increasing insertion losses and degrading signal strength and quality.</p><p><strong>Miniaturization and Crosstalk:</strong> Drone PCBAs are densely packed and miniaturized, amplifying crosstalk effects. The proximity of traces increases the likelihood of signal interference from adjacent traces.</p><p><strong>Heterogenous systems:</strong> Drones are heterogeneous systems, meaning they comprise various devices each with its own power, current, speed, and noise requirements. To accommodate these, PCBA layers are often split for separate power supplies. While splitting planes can improve the power/ground network quality, the slots introduced to separate the planes can create undesirable radiated emissions and reflections.</p><h3>Identifying Symptoms of Poor Signal Integrity</h3><p>When drone PCBAs suffer from signal integrity (SI) issues, several telltale signs can emerge, indicating that the design might not be as robust or reliable as required. Key indicators include:</p><ul><li><strong>Compliance Test Failures:</strong> Drones failing to meet required compliance standards often indicate underlying signal integrity issues.</li><li><strong>Inconsistencies After Component Changes:</strong> A drone that initially performs well but starts showing issues after swapping out IC suppliers or board fabricators.</li><li><strong>Sensitivity to Environmental Factors:</strong> If a drone's PCBA shows reduced performance when exposed to different power supply conditions or temperature changes, it could be a symptom of poor SI. Good design should ensure stability across a range of operational conditions.</li><li><strong>Lab vs. Field Discrepancies:</strong> A design that works well in the controlled environment of a lab but becomes unreliable or intermittent in real-world conditions is a classic symptom of SI issues.</li></ul><p><strong>Want to know more about addressing signal integrity problems? Read <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/pcba-signal-integrity-problems/" target="_blank">PCBA Signal Integrity Problems: Ten Factors to Consider</a> now.</strong></p><h2></h2><h3>Addressing Specific Challenges</h3><p>While it is impossible to eliminate all SI issues caused by crosstalk, and reflections in a drone PCBA, there are effective strategies that can significantly reduce these problems.</p><h6>Reducing Crosstalk:</h6><ul><li>Space out components from I/O interconnects and areas prone to data corruption.</li><li>Route critical traces away from each other instead of in parallel.</li><li>Decrease the distance between signal traces and their ground references.</li><li>Ensure impedance matching for critical signal traces.</li><li>Avoid using shared return pins in packages and connectors.</li></ul><h6>Reducing Reflections:</h6><ul><li>Match and terminate transmission lines with their characteristic impedance to prevent mismatches.</li><li>Keep via stub lengths as short as possible.</li><li>Utilize stack-ups that position traces close to their reference planes, optimizing signal return paths.</li><li>Select the right via dimensions. Larger diameters can cause more impedance discontinuity, leading to increased reflections and insertion loss, while longer vias might reduce reflections but increase insertion loss.</li></ul><h6>Transmission Paths with 90° Turns:</h6><p>Routing transmission lines to components may require turning the line. At high-frequencies, sharp 90-degree turns can cause signal reflection. Instead of one sharp turn, it's common to use two smaller 45-degree turns to ease the bend.</p><h6>Differential Pairs:</h6><p>When using differential lines in drone PCBA designs, keep the two lines symmetrical. They should be the same distance apart and have the same length. If they're not equal, it can cause problems like ground bounce. To fix length differences, add a zigzag pattern to the shorter line near its start. This keeps the signals in sync across the PCB.</p><h6>Fibre Weave Effect:</h6><p>The fiber weave effect occurs when routing signals on fiber-based substrates like FR-4, where one trace might run over fiber and another over epoxy. The different dielectric constants of these materials can cause discrepancies in electrical length from simulated predictions, especially in differential lines and buses at frequencies above 5 GHz.</p><p>To mitigate this, routing lines in a shallow zigzag pattern, about 10 degrees, can help even out the variations by crossing over both fiber and epoxy. Another solution is using isotropic substrates like Rogers' TMM, which don't have this issue, though they are more expensive.</p><p><strong>Are you building drones for the defense industry? Read <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/understanding-and-implementing-mil-spec-standards-in-pcb-assemblies/" target="_blank">Understanding and Implementing Mil-Spec Standards in PCB Assemblies</a> now.</strong></p><h2></h2><h3>Simulation and Validation</h3><p>Using simulation effectively can help pinpoint signal integrity issues in drone PCBAs. Once these issues are identified, the layout can be optimized to enhance performance, and appropriate termination methods can be applied to mitigate signal integrity's impact.</p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1718284953947-1718284953947.png" alt="6sdgnkinr" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>Simulation tools enable early focus on signal integrity, leading to the development of high-performance, reliable, and cost-effective products. This proactive approach speeds up time to market, secures a competitive edge, and reduces the need for extensive prototype debugging, enabling quicker transitions to future projects.</p><p>Simulation tools fall into three categories:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Mathematical Tools:</strong> These utilize equations and graphs to model digital transmission systems. Examples include Matlab, MathCad, and Mathematica, offering a theoretical approach to signal behavior.</p></li><li><p><strong>Analog Simulation Tools:</strong> These create and simulate a schematic representation of the circuit. Tools like Spice, HSpice, and PSpice are notable for their schematic-based analyses.</p></li><li><p><strong>Specialized SI Simulation Tools:</strong> Designed for high-speed digital circuit analysis, these tools support both pre-layout exploration and post-layout verification. They assess signal quality and compliance with performance margins for various interfaces, including DDR and high-speed serial channels. Examples include HyperLynx and Cadence.</p></li></ul><h2></h2><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Signal integrity issues can cause product failures or damage components, leading to failures more often after the product is in use rather than during testing. This results in costs for replacing products and losing customer trust.</p><p>To fix signal integrity problems, it's important to first figure out why they're happening. Then, use every available tool to find and check the best solution.</p><p>By designing and simulating effectively early on, you can weigh the performance against the cost before it's too late, saving time, reducing risks, and cutting costs.</p></section><h4>Need a quality-fabricated PCBA for your drone?</h4><p><a href="https://factory.macrofab.com/quick_quote?utm_term=macrofab%20com&utm_campaign=s-branded&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GET AN INSTANT QUOTE NOW</a></p>

Drone flight is energetically expensive, especially for smaller devices. To manage this, drone PCBAs are designed to be compact, dense, and fast to pack more functions into a smaller space.

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