<h2 id="isPasted">1. What is LoRaWAN?</h2>LoRaWAN is a standard within LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) wireless communication that uses the unlicensed band (sub-GHz band) that does not require a radio station license and features wide-area and long-distance communication as well as low speeds and low power consumption. LoRaWAN is a form of non-cellular LPWA that was established by the non-profit LoRa Alliance and recognized as an international standard by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in December 2021.LoRaWAN is a wireless network system that is used by connecting one or a small number of gateways with many end devices*1 equipped with a LoRaWAN module. LoRaWAN does not require a carrier communications network and it enables companies to build and operate their own networks, which makes it easy to introduce regardless of the application and business scale, and the number of users is increasing every year.*1 For example, communications devices that control device applications such as general lighting, cameras, and other sensors.<h3>1.1 Comparison of LoRaWAN (Non-cellular LPWA) and Cellular LPWA</h3>The LoRaWAN non-cellular LPWA standard is able to keep operating costs low compared to signing an agreement with a carrier and using their line. Furthermore, you do not need to consider the location where it will be used or whether stable communication with the carrier's base station is possible. In addition, because it enables you to build a complete network environment on your own, LoRaWAN can implement a private and secure wireless communications environment that is not mediated by the lines of an external operator.Reference: <a href="https://article.murata.com/en-global/article/what-is-lpwa-wireless-communication-1#section-55863" target="_blank">3.3 Cellular LPWA and Non-cellular LPWA Specifications Comparison｜What Is Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) Wireless Communication? - Basics</a><h3>1.2 Primary LoRaWAN Applications</h3>The primary applications of LoRaWAN include smart meters, smart cities, smart buildings, and enhancing the intelligence of public transportation in community infrastructure as well as support for IoT in the manufacturing industry, tracking of logistics cargo and people through location information, environmental sensing, smart agriculture, etc. Because it enables operation with a comparatively low cost that is not affected by the service area restrictions of carriers in contrast to cellular LPWA, LoRaWAN is attracting increased attention around the world as a means of wireless communication that is suitable for IoT and M2M in diverse fields.The following page introduces several examples utilizing LoRaWAN. <a href="https://article.murata.com/en-global/article/introduce-to-lorawan-2#section-59239" target="_blank">4. Examples of IoT Solutions Utilizing LoRaWAN｜LoRaWAN (Non-cellular LPWA) Primer – From Fundamentals to IoT Application Examples (2)</a><h2>2. LoRaWAN Communication Protocol Stack – Roles of LoRa and LoRaWAN –</h2>By looking at the communication protocol stack that is implemented, we can understand the features of those communication systems in many cases. (The communication protocol stack is explained in the&nbsp;<a href="https://article.murata.com/en-global/article/introduce-to-lorawan-1#section-59227" target="_blank">"Column – What Is the Communication Protocol Stack?"</a> section at the bottom of this page.) Figure 1 shows the LoRaWAN communication protocol stack. Here, we explain the LoRaWAN protocol stack as well as the respective meanings and roles of LoRa and LoRaWAN in the protocol.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEzNzY5NjU3MzkxLWxvcmF3YW4xLWltZzAwMDFfZW4ucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 1 LoRaWAN communication protocol stack<h3 id="isPasted">2.1 What is LoRa (Physical Layer)?</h3>The "LoRa" shown in the Physical Layer at the bottom of Figure 1 is an abbreviation of "Long Range" and refers to the wireless modulation method developed by U.S. company SEMTECH based on CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum), which is a type of spectrum spread technique. Furthermore, the LoRa ISM band*2 is established by country and region as shown in Table 1.<table><caption>Table 1 LoRa frequency band by region (partial)</caption><thead><tr><th>Region(country or territory)</th><th>Name</th><th>Frequency band(MHz)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Europe</td><td>EU868/EU433</td><td>863-870/433-435</td></tr><tr><td>U.S.</td><td>US915</td><td>902-928</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>CN779/CN470</td><td>779-787/470-510</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>AS923</td><td>920-928</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>AU915</td><td>915-928</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>IN865</td><td>865-867</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>AS2</td><td>923-925</td></tr><tr><td>South Korea</td><td>KR920</td><td>920-923</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>AS1</td><td>920-923</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>AU915</td><td>915-928</td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td>AS1</td><td>920-923</td></tr><tr><td>Taiwan</td><td>AS2</td><td>923-925</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>AS2</td><td>923-925</td></tr></tbody></table>*2 The ISM band is a frequency band established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that can be used without a license in the fields of industry, science, medicine, etc. The ISM band includes frequency bands that are universal and those that are region (country and territory) specific. The latter type of band is established for LoRa.<h3 id="isPasted">2.2 What is LoRaWAN (MAC Layer)?</h3>The MAC*3 Layer LoRaWAN is the name of the non-cellular LPWA standard while also referring to the LoRaWAN network communication protocol (rules of communication). Under LoRaWAN, each end device connects to the gateway via the MAC (Device ID) without an IP to communicate wirelessly.Moreover, the MAC options include Class A, Class B, and Class C, which differ in terms of the upstream and downstream communication schemes and intervals in the two‐way communication between each end device and the gateway as well as the switching behavior of the receiving slot on the device side related to power consumption, etc. The low power consumption Class A is often used when running a device with a battery for a long period of time with little reception standby time on the device side. At the same time, other classes can be separately used according to the objective and environment such as when communicating with low latency while continuously supplying power to the device, etc.*3 MAC is an abbreviation of "Media Access Control," and within the hierarchical communication protocols, it establishes methods for signal transmission timing control, the division of data to be transmitted, the assembly (transmission) and disassembly (reception) of frames with a destination address and other added control data, error detection, etc. in addition to the definition and allocation of the MAC address, which identifies devices.<h2>3. LoRaWAN Network Construction – Configuration of the LPWA Devices, Gateway, Servers, etc. –</h2>Because LoRaWAN is a non-cellular LPWA standard, it does not use carrier base stations and communications networks, as is the case in the wireless communications of cellular LPWA devices. Under LoRaWAN, data communication is carried out wirelessly between the LoRaWAN-compliant gateway and the end devices including sensors equipped with LoRaWAN modules, etc. Data is transmitted through this gateway to the network and application servers, etc., which run on communication protocols that differ from the LoRaWAN network. The example below introduces a primary network built using LoRaWAN.<h3>3.1 Example of Building Your Own LoRaWAN Network</h3>Because non-cellular LPWA does not require a radio station license, it enables companies to build a system on their own by preparing the LoRaWAN-compliant gateway, network servers, and application servers, etc. in addition to the end devices equipped with LoRaWAN modules.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEzNzY5NzA1NjA2LWxvcmF3YW4xLWltZzAwMDJfZW4ucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 2 Example of building and operating your own LoRaWAN networkAs shown in Figure 2, the advantage of a LoRaWAN network is that it enables use of a private and secure wireless solution by building and operating the entire network oneself. Furthermore, while in some cases each server may be hosted on premises (internal environment), in other cases a cloud server contracted by the company may be used.<h3>3.2 Example of Building a LoRaWAN Network Using a Vendor</h3>In cases where it is not suitable to build a LoRaWAN environment on your own, such as usage for a specific period of time or if you lack the internal system integration or networking personnel, an alternative method is to use a vendor who sells or rents gateways that support the LoRaWAN communication protocol and offers cloud services, etc.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEzNzY5NzI2NzkyLWxvcmF3YW4xLWltZzAwMDNfZW4ucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 3 Example of building a LoRaWAN network using vendor servicesAs shown in Figure 3, there are cases in which a company may sign a fee-based contract with a vendor for a LoRaWAN-compliant gateway and network servers or application servers according to the circumstances. The service details differ by vendor, but the ability to entrust the gateway implementation, server maintenance, etc. to the vendor is an advantage of such contracts. Furthermore, when it comes to LoRaWAN-compliant gateways that can connect and communicate with many devices, there are gateways that can only be used by the subscriber as well as plans that reduce usage fees by sharing a gateway between multiple subscribers.Moreover, cloud services are typically provided with the exception of the gateway. A monthly fee is required when subscribing to a gateway and servers. However, compared to cellular LPWA, which requires a mandatory contract with a carrier to use the cellular phone communication network, the service usage fees for network server vendors, etc. required to operate the LoRaWAN non-cellular LPWA standard are said to be low.<h2>Column – What Is the Communication Protocol Stack?</h2>Regardless of whether they are wireless or wired, telecommunications function by conforming to communication protocols (Reference:&nbsp;<a href="https://article.murata.com/en-global/article/basics-of-wireless-communication-2#section-58505" target="_blank">6. What Is a Communication Protocol?｜Basic Knowledge of Wireless Communication: Wireless Mechanism (2)</a>). Table 2 shows the role and correspondence of each layer of the communication protocol stack in the LoRaWAN model and the OSI Reference Model*4.<table><caption>Table 2 OSI Reference Model and the role of each layer, LoRaWAN model</caption><thead><tr><th colspan="2">OSI Reference Model</th><th>Roles and Examples</th><th>LoRaWAN model</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">Application Layer</td><td>Defines the functions that are required as an &nbsp; application such as sending and receiving files, &nbsp; etc. (HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP, POP, etc.)</td><td>Application</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Presentation Layer</td><td>Defines (SMTP, FTP, Telnet, etc.) &nbsp; the data expression format &nbsp; (encryption method, character code, etc.)</td><td rowspan="4">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Session Layer</td><td>Defines the steps related to the start and &nbsp; end (login and logout, etc.) of &nbsp; communication (TLS, NetBIOS, etc.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Transport Layer</td><td>Rules that ensure communication quality such &nbsp; as error detection and recovery in transmitted &nbsp; and received data (TCP, UDP, NetWare/IP etc.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Network Layer</td><td>Defines functions for relaying to different &nbsp; networks (IP, ARP, etc.)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Data Link Layer</td><td>MAC Layer</td><td rowspan="2">Defines the control procedures for &nbsp; transferring data (Ethernet, etc.)</td><td>LoRaWAN MAC&nbsp; (Class A / Class B / Class C)</td></tr><tr><td>LLC Layer</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Physical Layer</td><td>Defines connector shapes and other physical &nbsp; specifications (RS232C, etc.) for transferring &nbsp; data to communication channels as well as &nbsp; modulation systems in the case of wireless</td><td>LoRa modulation</td></tr></tbody></table>*4 The OSI Reference Model is an international standard model for a protocol stack. Currently, the protocol stack of this model is not directly used. However, because it is the fundamental reference model for the protocol stack, it is often compared to the various protocols that are implemented in devices.Table 2 shows that the LoRaWAN model stack has three layers while the TCP/IP model, which is the communication protocol of the Internet, has four layers, so we can see that the LoRaWAN model has a simpler protocol configuration. This means that it is easier to update the protocol and leads to improved response times.<hr id="isPasted"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1713769894367-1713769894367.png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">If you have any questions based on this article that you would like to discuss with an expert at Murata, don't hesitate to reach out. There's an entire team ready to support you with your question.<a href="https://www.murata.com/en-eu/contactform?&Detail=Wevolver%20request" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="button-main-action">GET IN TOUCH</a>

LoRaWAN is a standard within LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) wireless communication that uses the unlicensed band (sub-GHz band) that does not require a radio station license and features wide-area and long-distance communication as well as low speeds and low power consumption.

LoRaWAN (Non-cellular LPWA) Primer - From Fundamentals to IoT Application Examples (1)

While embedded systems tend to lack the processing horsepower of servers or even modern personal computers, the sheer number of devices is making them an increasingly valuable target for bad actors looking to run illegal botnets and cryptocurrency mining operations. One of the first major security-related wake-up calls for embedded system designers was the 2016 Nest thermostat botnet attacks. Given the consumer-facing nature of the particular Internet of Things (IoT) coupled with an increased sensitivity regarding privacy and security; the Nest botnet caused a huge amount of discussion. Those discussions tended to center on how companies should build security into their low-cost IoT products and how consumers can safely operate the devices in their homes and businesses.With the growing threat of cyberattacks, it is essential that developers keep security considerations in mind throughout the design process. By following some practical tips and recommendations, developers can guard against a wide range of attack scenarios. Read on for an outline of security measures developers can use in their embedded designs.<h2>Build Secure</h2>While there are numerous chip architectures, operating systems, and communications protocols; many IoT devices tend to be built around Arm®-based architectures, and if they run an OS it tends to be a Linux distribution. This commonality is good in many ways; lower costs and faster development times; it also comes with quite a few negatives. Attack vectors tend to become “one-size-fit-all”, especially for devices running a Linux-based OS. To mitigate the threats associated with widespread devices that share a common architecture, developers should implement the following “quick win” security design principles:<ul><li>Do NOT hardcode passwords into the firmware. Also, do not use a common default password for all devices. Require the user to create a custom username and password during device initialization.</li><li>Do NOT enable insecure protocols such as HTTP, FTP, or Telnet by default. Data going off the device via wired or wireless protocols must be strongly encrypted. Avoid “homebrewed” encryption solutions.</li><li>Ship the device with the most restrictive configuration possible and let the end-user make a proactive decision to reduce security-related settings.</li><li>All mechanisms used to access the devices should require authentication and authorization controls. Two-factor authentication (2FA) should be used if practical.</li><li>All user-facing inputs should be filtered to avoid injection-type attacks.</li><li>Implement a secure device management interface for the end-user that will allow them to manage their assets, update devices, monitor devices, and securely decommission the devices that have reached their end-of-life (EOL).</li><li>Over-The-Air (OTA) update mechanisms must be validated on-device. The update files must be sent encrypted en route to the device. Lastly, ensure there are anti-rollback features to prevent a device from being reverted to a previous, insecure firmware.</li><li>If third-party software libraries are used in the design of your device, they must be continually monitored to ensure that third-party updates are integrated and that they do not become deprecated. Abandoned software projects can become nasty vulnerabilities for your device. Change the third-party software default passwords before committing them to your project.</li><li>Limit what sensitive data should be stored on the device. Store such information in a secure enclave only.</li><li>Remember that with the IoT that embedded systems are only one part of a larger ecosystem. Ensure that security is built into the cloud, desktop, and mobile applications as well. Ecosystem security is only as strong as the weakest link.</li><li>Consider establishing a bug bounty program to encourage end-users and security researchers to submit flaws in a secure, responsible manner.</li></ul>Physical access to a device tends to be the game-over situation for devices. That doesn’t mean that there aren’t things that can be done to make it harder physically exploit these types of devices. Entire books have been written on making circuit boards and associated enclosures tamper-resistant but for a few “quick wins” consider the following physical design rules-of-thumb to harden your device:<ul><li>Pins for debugging ports such as JTAG and UARTs are very useful when developing and testing a device. They are also tempting targets for those seeking to reverse engineer a device with ill-intent. Obfuscating these pins and/or removing header pins for production units is recommended. Note that this will come at the expense of making it more difficult to troubleshoot once fielded. Designers must consider a balance between security and maintainability.</li><li>The use of adhesives, ultrasonic welding, and/or specialty security screws can make it more difficult to open a device.</li><li>Applying a non-conductive epoxy over sensitive components can obfuscate their identity and purpose.</li><li>You might be tempted to use older components that might have vulnerabilities. Be aware of the counterfeit components as well. If a deal seems too good to be true, it probably is. Balancing security and time-to-market considerations is not a decision to be taken lightly.</li><li>Multilayer boards can be used to route traces in a way that makes it harder to discern how the board functions.</li></ul>Some of the following recommendations might be a bit much for consumer-grade IoT devices. However, as we will elaborate on later, industrial control systems and defense systems would likely benefit from these more robust physical security measures:<ul><li>Build security features into the board itself, such as microswitches, mercury switches, or magnetic switches that can detect if a board is being unintentionally handled or opened. Nichrome wire or fiber optics can also be used. If the wire or fiber is negatively impacted by someone trying to tamper with a device, then there will be a detectable change in the current flow of the wire or the behavior of photons through the fiber.</li><li>Side Channel or glitching attacks, while perhaps not common, provide a unique advantage to adversaries in that they use the laws of physics against a device and thus are very difficult to prevent though can be detected. By attacking the timing or restricting the flow of electrons to a CPU, it’s possible to get a device to act in unintended ways that negate security features. Voltage and current sensors can be implemented onboard circuit boards to detect if glitching may be occurring, though there is potential for false positives.</li><li>Significant adversaries can employ x-ray machinery to peer into microchips and discover the topography of the transistors to determine function and more. Sensors that detect x-rays can be added to detect tampering, though can do nothing to prevent an adversary from extracting useful information.</li></ul>It should be noted that there is quite a dichotomy between the paradigms of security and openness. Security values obfuscation. Open hardware values understanding. Regardless, keep in mind the old adage that locks only keep honest people honest, and so too with security-at-large. For more information on how to build secure IoT devices, visit the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) IoT Project.<h2>Operate Secure</h2>Even if a manufacturer could implement all the best secure design principles in their product, they would be mostly for naught if the end-user does not operate their device in a secure manner.<ul><li>Change the default router name, router password, network name (SSID), and network encryption key. Be sure to use strong password principles and do not use the same password for both networks.</li><li>Segment your home network into two “virtual” networks so that IoT devices cannot be “seen” by the desktop computers, Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices, etc. To do this quickly and easily, use the guest network feature for your IoT network.</li><li>Most IoT devices rely on a smartphone app to control the device. Keep the app up to date and use 2FA for login if available.</li><li>Disable any features of your IoT devices that you do not intend to use.</li><li>Update the firmware of both your router and IoT devices on a regular basis.</li><li>When an IoT device reaches the end of life and no longer receives updates consider replacing it with a newer model.</li></ul><h2>Industrial Strength Security</h2>Consumer-facing IoT products may be plentiful, but their industrial counterparts, collectively referred to as Industrial Control Systems (ICS) manage numerous extremely important and potentially dangerous processes. Everything from energy production to factories uses embedded digital technology (referred to as Operational Technology or OT; in contrast to office-centric Information Technology or IT) to control the facilities and associated machinery responsible for performing the various processes. The ICS environment is sufficiently different from a strict IT environment that special considerations for hardening OT devices and ICS networks are warranted. The most fundamental principle is that ICS should not have a connection to the internet. While this seems like a no-brainer, it is surprising how often this fundamental rule is violated. For more information on how to secure ICS networks and devices, there are two security frameworks you should review: MITRE ATT&amp;CK for ICS and the MITRE ATT&amp;CK for Enterprise.The nature of where ICS systems are typically found (e.g., areas that are environmentally, chemically, or otherwise hazardous) means ICS has been designed to prioritize the availability of the systems over confidentiality. From a positive perspective, this typically means there are redundant systems, and those systems are designed to fail safely. However, ICS systems can be left in operations for several decades and may not always be kept up-to-date. In addition, many of the protocols are older and were built with efficiency, not security in mind. Bottom line, security in the ICS or IIoT space is uniquely challenging and best practices may be difficult to implement. However, embedded developers for such machinery should be cognizant of the need to modernize their design practices and incorporate security into future designs and not treat it as a bolt-on afterthought.

(Source: Nikolay N. Antonov - stock.adobe.com)

With the growing threat of cyberattacks, it is essential that developers keep security considerations in mind throughout the design process. By following some practical tips and recommendations, developers can guard against a wide range of attack scenarios.

Practical Tips for Embedded System Security

For thousands of years, humans have been building houses, roads, bridges, and markets that allowed us to live safer and more productive lives. But the tools of the trade have lacked the capability to let us do so as effectively as possible. &nbsp;Now, belatedly but perhaps inevitably, smart connectivity is helping to lay the foundations for improved productivity and worker safety in the all-important architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. To that end, technology companies are introducing a wide range of innovative products to power connected construction. &nbsp;<h2>The&nbsp;critical role of the&nbsp;building&nbsp;sector&nbsp;</h2>From humble beginnings, construction has culminated in giant cities where 55 percent of the world’s population resides, a figure, according to the UN, that’s set to rise to 68 percent by 2050.&nbsp; Today, the AEC sector is the largest in the global economy, responsible for employing around seven percent of the world’s working population, and about 13 percent of world’s GDP ($10 trillion) according to analyst McKinsey. And because around 50 percent of a construction project’s total cost relates to labor, &nbsp;skilled workers are the key to a project’s success.&nbsp;<h2>Tech&nbsp;provides a&nbsp;solution&nbsp;to productivity challenges&nbsp;</h2>Yet despite its importance, the construction industry has earned a reputation for being slow to innovate. As a result, the sector has often suffered from severe productivity challenges.&nbsp;Technology offers a solution for raising the game. The signs are promising; digital adoption is accelerating on the back of strong demand for more infrastructure, a shortage of skilled labor, and increased expectations for data transparency and integration. An estimated $50 billion was invested in AEC tech between 2020 and 2022—85 percent higher than the previous three years—according to the latest McKinsey research.&nbsp;Growth is being driven by increased uptake of the IoT, big data analytics, and AI, as well as a greater emphasis on sustainability. That’s allowing companies to take advantage of real time field reporting by connecting and tracking materials, equipment, and workers at the construction site.&nbsp;<h2>Enhanced productivity&nbsp;boosts the bottom line&nbsp;</h2>A construction project manager can now access a management platform with real-time project data and task alerts. This information enables fast decisions and speeds up workflows from the back office to the field, and onwards to the extended project team. And it removes the project silos that limit collaboration. These practices will also lead to improved margins.&nbsp;&nbsp;Connected construction offers several other advantages over manual operations. For one, it can improve communication and transparency on the worksite; for example, consider a worker reporting back to a supervisor via a smart device, or sensors and tags embedded in equipment providing key updates such as the location and status of a concrete mixer. Or connected vehicles like dump trucks, backhoe loaders, excavators, and mobile cranes, could enable location detection and monitoring of usage via embedded cellular and GNSS technology.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Monitoring essential construction materials&nbsp;</h2>A critical requirement for the construction industry is monitoring essential construction materials like concrete for quality control. This requirement led German company ConcR to develop a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Nordic-news/2023/11/The-ConcR-Box-employs-Nordic-Semiconductors-nRF9160-SiP" target="_blank">material monitoring solution</a>&nbsp;that analyzes the characteristics of concrete as it cures, to check when it’s safe to proceed with the next stage of construction. The ConcR Sensors are attached to a rebar (a reinforcing steel bar used to strengthen concrete slabs) before the concrete is poured. The sensors provide key insights into the strength and durability of the cement or concrete by monitoring temperature, relative humidity, residual moisture, pH, and chloride levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Nordic&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9160" target="_blank">nRF9160 SiP</a>-powered&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">cellular IoT</a>&nbsp;solution provides data across the lifecycle of concrete and screed—a levelled layer of material applied to a floor or other surface—starting from construction until 25 years in operation. With this information, planners, engineers, contractors, and owner-operators gain data-informed insights about the condition of construction materials throughout their life.&nbsp;<h2>Putting worker safety&nbsp;first and foremost&nbsp;</h2>Beyond productivity gains, technology is essential to the safety of skilled construction workers on hazardous worksites.&nbsp;&nbsp;For example, by using sensors integrated into existing personal safety equipment such as hard hats, WakeCap Technologies’ solution connect workers across entire job sites.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Nordic-news/2021/01/Wirepas-Mesh-hard-hat-sensor-locates-wearer-across-large-sites-and-reports-activity-incidents" target="_blank">WakeCap</a>&nbsp;is a wearable product designed to overcome the challenge of “digitizing the construction sector’s field logistics and workforce”, according to the company. In operation, the hard hat-worn sensors track the wearer’s location and record knocks to the hard hat. In addition, WakeCap’s analytics compare the on-site work crew timing with staffing and project management plans, highlighting any unexpected problems early - helping avoid delays and extra costs.&nbsp;Thanks to wireless tech, construction equipment, vehicles, devices, personnel, and locations will communicate and work together using emerging connectivity platforms. Connected construction is here and the world is better for it.&nbsp;

Smart connectivity is helping to lay the foundations for improved productivity and worker safety in the all-important architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. To that end, technology companies are introducing a wide range of innovative products to power connected construction.  

Construction sector building on wireless tech foundation

The global transition to&nbsp;electrified personal transport is gaining momentum, with consumer electric vehicles (EVs) leading the way. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), EV sales exceeded 10 million units in 2022.That total made up 14 percent of all new cars sold - up from less than 5 percent in 2020[1]. This shift is being driven by a combination of financial incentives and regulations, as governments across the globe commit to an EV future as part of a drive toward “net zero” carbon emissions.&nbsp;But there’s a danger that growth could be stifled by a significant issue: across the globe, EV charging stations lag vehicle sales.&nbsp;<h2>The need for accessible EV charging</h2>In countries where EVs are already popular, there tends to be well developed infrastructure; for example, Norway (where 86 percent of new cars are EVs) and Iceland (72 percent) have widespread charging networks. In contrast, the U.S. is falling behind in EV adoption—with the cars making up only five percent of new sales—removing the commercial incentive for companies to build charging infrastructure.&nbsp;Currently, the number of U.S. EV charging stations falls well below the availability of traditional gas stations, even when considering the size EV fleets compared to gas-powered vehicles. According to&nbsp;Motor.com, the U.S. averages about 104 gas pumps per 1,600 road kilometers, compared to just 22 EV charging ports[2]. The problem is made worse because it takes just minutes to fill a car from a gas pump—making it quickly accessible to the next vehicle in the line—while EV charging is much slower even with the latest generation of fast chargers. &nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Avoiding flat batteries</h2>The limited availability of charging stations means that the last thing any EV driver needs is poor equipment reliability. Because EV drivers tend to plan road trips around the relatively few available charging stations when the roll up at one, they need it to work. And it’s not just consumers, governments too expect well maintained networks. For example, a new UK law, the&nbsp;Public Charge Point Regulation 2023, requires each charging point to be 99 percent reliable.&nbsp;&nbsp;To keep public charging points functioning that dependably, they need to be continuously monitored so that any problems can be quickly identified and fixed. Better yet, the monitoring could be used to address problems well before they result in equipment failure.&nbsp;&nbsp;Such monitoring requires robust, country-wide, and long-range wireless connectivity to collect data on the availability and condition of charging stations. And the only standards-based technology that can do this is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">Cellular IoT</a>. The technology enables companies to send EV charger data to a Cloud platform for remote analysis and to determine if the charger needs a visit for a service.&nbsp;<h2>Wireless connectivity for home charging</h2>The year-on-year increase in range of EVs promises to make home charging just as significant as public charging because it means that for all but the longest journeys, consumers can top up batteries in their own garage. This private market is made up of a range of individual suppliers, with two main types of home chargers. One type is low-cost and without Internet connectivity; despite the price advantage, this type may become less popular in the future due to inconveniences such as not being able to take advantage of flexible tariffs.&nbsp;The other popular type of home EV charger can access the Internet. The charger can be directly connected using Cellular IoT; alternatively, the charger can access the Internet via home Wi-Fi. With the introduction of the latest version of the wireless tech, Wi-Fi 6, the chargers can be easily integrated into the smart home ecosystem. This is because Wi-Fi is a key constituent of Matter, a smart home standard backed by companies such as Apple, Google, Samsung, and Nordic Semiconductor.&nbsp;&nbsp;As an integral part of the smart home, the domestic EV charger can, for example, ask the owner if a full charge is necessary for tomorrow because on that day of the week the car is usually only driven on short journeys. If a full top-up is asked for, connectivity allows the charger to determine precisely when to switch on charging to take advantage of the cheapest tariff. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>EV charging is set to become big business</h2>While public charging infrastructure remains relatively scarce, as EV ownership grows, so will the supporting network. And that will mean hundreds of thousands of chargers spread across entire countries. Cellular IoT is the only LPWAN capable of the coverage and reliability demanded by such huge charging networks. But more than that, cellular IoT brings other benefits.&nbsp;&nbsp;According to report published by telecoms services and equipment provider, Ericsson, connectivity brings significant business opportunities for EV charging companies and the related ecosystem. By connecting charging stations with cellular IoT, EV charging companies are better positioned to effectively manage their orchestration, administration, and maintenance. That in turn keeps the complex ecosystem of stakeholders—including drivers, hardware and connectivity providers, utility companies, automotive OEMs, and asset owners like parking operators, city authorities, and homeowners—satisfied.&nbsp;&nbsp;EV’s promise a greener future. But each driver wants reassurance that when they need to recharge their vehicle’s batteries, a fully functioning charger will only be a short hop away. Wireless technologies like cellular IoT and Wi-Fi will not only make it simple for service providers to keep their chargers in good order but will also help them efficiently and remotely manage huge charger networks. &nbsp;&nbsp;<hr><h3>References</h3>1. Global EV Outlook 2023;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/executive-summary" target="_blank">www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/executive-summary#</a>&nbsp;2. Study explores EV charging vs gas station density in the U.S.;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.motor.com/2023/08/study-explores-ev-charging-station-vs-gas-station-density-in-the-u-s" target="_blank">www.motor.com/2023/08/study-explores-ev-charging-station-vs-gas-station-density-in-the-u-s</a>&nbsp;

The global transition to electrified personal transport is gaining momentum, with consumer electric vehicles (EVs) leading the way. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), EV sales exceeded 10 million units in 2022.

Improving EV charging networks with cellular IoT

For some IoT products, connectivity failure is a momentary inconvenience. For others, it’s a disaster.Imagine losing temperature data for a shipment of vaccines at a critical moment; there goes your cold chain compliance. Or think of a smart car’s accident detection and alert system. If the driver encounters a problem outside your cellular coverage area, disconnection can create life-threatening delays for responders.Looking forward, universal connectivity will be essential for self-driving vehicles—and a whole universe of yet-to-be-imagined technology. While cellular connectivity is already strong for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mobileconnectivityindex.com/index.html" data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer">populated areas and large parts</a> of North America, South America, Europe, and Asia, there are still gaps that affect global operators.The lack of coverage is particularly impactful for the agriculture and maritime industries, in which IoT devices continually move in and out of cellular signals. But for any or all mobile IoT, universal coverage is the ultimate prize. Today, a merger of technologies puts it within reach.The addition of satellite networks to cloud-based cellular connectivity is the key to global coverage. Here’s how satellite-cellular integration can make location-based connectivity loss a thing of the past.&nbsp;<h2>Satellite Non-Terrestrial Networks in Cellular IoT</h2>The simplest, most cost-effective way to keep your IoT deployments connected is with the help of a connectivity partner. These connectivity-as-a-service cloud providers offer access to many cellular networks at once, getting close to a global connection with one SIM and self-service fleet management tools.However, even the most well-connected IoT connectivity provider is limited by mobile network operators (MNOs) themselves. An MNO tends to build towers where lots of people will use them. That doesn’t help in low-population regions or far out at sea. In fact, cellular networks are also called terrestrial networks, because they’re bound to land.Contrast that technology with&nbsp;non-terrestrial networks, or NTNs. These satellite-based connectivity networks fill the coverage gaps left by MNOs. The trouble is, until recently, satellite connectivity required different hardware than its cellular counterpart. It was expensive and space-inefficient to offer both cellular and satellite connectivity in the same device.The solution is a connectivity partner that offers integrated satellite NTN with traditional terrestrial networks—all through the same SIM card.&nbsp;<h2>How to Add Satellite NTN to Your Connectivity Plan</h2>First, look for a connectivity-as-a-service provider that offers seamless satellite NTN within existing cellular plans. Just know that not all your choices offer the same benefits. Choose a connectivity partner that provides the following features in its NTN-integrated service:<ul><li>Automatic network switches.&nbsp;You can’t manage every device’s connection manually. Look for a SIM that automatically connects to the correct cellular or satellite network—and a self-service platform that allows you to define which networks are correct.</li><li>Simple tools for integration with your existing technology stack. You shouldn’t have to hire a team of developers to bring satellites into your connectivity portfolio. Choose a partner that ships ready-to-use APIs for quick, low-stress integration.</li><li>Compatibility with 3GPP low-power, wide area network (LPWAN) technologies. You shouldn’t have to sacrifice access to cellular technologies optimized for IoT just to incorporate your NTN. A specification like NB-IoT gives advantages like a small form factor and limited price; choose a connectivity source that bundles NB-IoT or other IoT LPWAN with satellite coverage.</li><li>Pay-as-you-go connectivity. Price has long been the key barrier to satellite IoT. With a pay-as-you-go model, you don’t pay for the satellite data you don’t use—and you can access satellite networks for as little as $1.00 per kilobyte.</li><li>A combined NTN/cellular SIM card. The other price challenge associated with satellite IoT is the module, which can easily run several thousand dollars per unit. With the right connectivity partner, you can access NTN&nbsp;and global cellular networks with the same SIM card.</li></ul>&nbsp;Satellite integration is becoming increasingly more accessible for IoT developers, and the simplest way to access this technology is to find the right partner. This industry development will help fill connectivity gaps for global deployments—and might be the key to transformative new use cases for mobile IoT in general. Every IoT developer should be aware of this powerful tool in the connectivity toolkit.

For some IoT products, connectivity failure is a momentary inconvenience. For others, it’s a disaster.

IoT Everywhere: How Satellite-Cellular Integration Enables Universal Connectivity

In the ever-evolving landscape of agriculture, the integration of technology has proven to be a game-changer. One of the most transformative advancements in recent years is the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has revolutionized traditional farming practices and given rise to the era of smart agriculture. With a particular focus on harnessing the power of mobile connectivity and private 5G networks, farmers worldwide are now equipped with cutting-edge tools to optimize efficiency, increase yields, and ensure sustainable practices.&nbsp;<h2>The Connected Fields</h2>IoT’s impact on agriculture lies in its ability to interconnect various devices and sensors across farmlands, creating an intelligent network that provides real-time data and insights. Farmers can monitor crucial variables like soil moisture, temperature, and crop health remotely, allowing for timely decision-making and resource allocation. This connectivity is further enhanced by the widespread use of mobile networks, enabling farmers to access critical information on their smartphones or tablets, regardless of their physical location.&nbsp;<h2>Unleashing the Power of 5G</h2>The advent of 5G technology has taken smart agriculture to new heights, providing farmers with faster, more reliable, and low-latency connectivity. Private 5G networks, specifically tailored for individual (and often remote) farms, offer a dedicated and secure communication channel. This ensures that the vast amount of data generated by IoT devices is transmitted seamlessly, facilitating quick response times and reducing the risk of interference.&nbsp;<h2>Precision Farming at its Best</h2>One standout application of IoT in agriculture is precision farming, where data-driven insights enable farmers to optimize resource utilization. With the help of IoT devices, farmers can precisely control irrigation systems, monitor crop growth, and even deploy drones for aerial surveys. The integration of 5G ensures that these devices can communicate in real-time, allowing for swift adjustments based on the evolving conditions of the field.&nbsp;<h2>Sustainable Agriculture Practices</h2>Smart agriculture isn’t just about maximizing yields; it’s also about sustainability. IoT devices enable farmers to implement precision pesticide and fertilizer applications, reducing environmental impact and minimizing waste. The efficiency gains achieved through IoT-driven practices contribute to the overall sustainability of agriculture, aligning with global efforts to address climate change and environmental concerns.&nbsp;<h2>A Global Impact</h2>The impact of IoT-enabled smart agriculture is felt across the globe. From large-scale commercial farms to smallholder operations, the adoption of these technologies is transforming the way food is produced. Developing countries, in particular, stand to benefit as these technologies enhance productivity, reduce risks, and empower farmers with tools that were once only available to their more resource-rich counterparts.In conclusion, the marriage of IoT and mobile connectivity, amplified by the capabilities of private 5G networks, is reshaping agriculture into a smarter, more efficient, and sustainable industry. As the world grapples with the challenge of feeding a growing population, these technologies provide a beacon of hope, offering farmers the tools they need to navigate the complexities of modern agriculture and cultivate a bountiful future.

In the ever-evolving landscape of agriculture, the integration of technology has proven to be a game-changer. One of the most transformative advancements in recent years is the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Harvesting the Future: IoT Cultivating Smart Agriculture with Mobile Connectivity and Private 5G Networks

In the future, the IoT will become ubiquitous with billions or even trillions of ‘things’ connected to the Cloud. These things aren’t just the PCs, servers, smart TVs, and smartphones traditionally associated with the Internet, they’re also small sensors and actuators—typically without a user interface—that monitor what’s going on in their environment and react accordingly. In metropolitan areas that could well mean millions of connected devices per square kilometer.Engineers are already coming up with solutions to solve the engineering problems the proliferation of connected devices will bring. And they’ve coined a phrase to describe these future high-density networks: “massive IoT”.<h2>The characteristics of massive IoT</h2>Networking and telecommunications company Ericsson describes massive IoT applications as generally being less latency sensitive and not required to handle large amounts of data per device; rather the applications comprise many low-cost, energy-efficient devices covering large areas with a high volume of connections. The growing demand for massive IoT is driven by the rising popularity of use cases that align with these parameters, for example wearables, smart buildings, smart meters, asset tracking, industrial automation, and smart agriculture.Just a few years ago, connecting all these small things to the IoT was difficult and relied on expensive and complex gateways because each device typically used a different, non-interoperable technology. However, today we have an elegant solution that does away with gateways and brings interoperability; called <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">cellular IoT</a>, if comprises LTE for Machine-Type Communications (LTE-M) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology<h2>The power of cellular connectivity&nbsp;</h2>Cellular IoT LPWANs are growing quickly due to their efficient, cost-effective, and long-range wireless connections between WLANs and the Cloud. Because cellular IoT uses regulated spectrum, access to the network is tightly controlled - with each device requiring a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). While cellular IoT attracts data charges, it ensures widespread, robust, interference-free, and highly secure connectivity, suitable for massive IoT.Analyst Statista says that LTE-M and NB-IoT together make up 47 percent of the current LPWAN market, making them the leading choices for secure and reliable long-range connectivity.LTE-M is best suited to applications requiring relatively high uplink and downlink speeds. It is also ideal for mobile applications, such as asset tracking. In contrast, NB-IoT focuses on static applications with better indoor and underground coverage, the trade-off being lower throughput.&nbsp;<h2>Updated for 5G</h2>While NB-IoT and LTE-M were originally created as part of the 4G LTE standard, they have now become part of the latest 5G standard (defined by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)) ensuring ongoing adaptation as the network matures.This evolution is crucial, as the next phase of massive IoT development will rely on these 5G networks. Specifically, engineers are focusing on ‘massive machine type communication’ (mMTC), which will use low power wireless connectivity for widespread machine-to-machine (M2M) applications. The technology will be designed to support up to one million devices per kilometer.<h2>DECT NR+: The non-cellular alternative for massive IoT</h2>NB-IoT and LTE-M are evolving to meet the needs of mMTC, but they won’t be alone; <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/DECT-NR" target="_blank">DECT NR+</a> (“NR+”) also meets all the technical requirements for mMTC. NR+ is defined as a 5G technology, but while it shares some technology with cellular protocols it is not itself a cellular protocol.NR+ operates in the 1.9 GHz global, license-free spectrum, which lowers operational costs as there are no data charges. Instead of having to use licensed networks, engineers can build high-density private mesh networks without the need for SIMs. These networks can cover hundreds of meters indoors or several kilometers outdoors, accommodating up to four billion unique radio devices in a single network. They can also be customized to support high data rates (up to several gigabits per second) or low power consumption (below 10 microamps on average).<h2>Low cost, large scale connectivity</h2>NR+ ensures reliability and low latency, making it suitable for important applications like key infrastructure. It is also reliable and robust because it uses self-healing mesh networking techniques, meaning that if one point fails, data can still be transmitted and received using the remaining nodes. NR+ also promises latencies similar to those of wired networks. For instance, Nordic’s first nRF91 Series-based NR+ solution offers one-millisecond latency between devices and a throughput of three megabits per second. This performance is applicable to densities of up to one million devices per square kilometer - making NR+ well suited to massive IoT applications.&nbsp;<h2>Nordic introduces solutions for massive IoT</h2>The Nordic <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Nordic-news/2023/06/Nordic-introduces-end-to-end-cellular-IoT-solution-with-announcement-of-new-nRF91-Series-SiPs" target="_blank">product lineup has expanded to add NR+ solutions</a> to its existing cellular IoT products. Joining the <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9160" target="_blank">nRF9160</a> SiP are the <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9161" target="_blank">nRF9161</a>, <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9151" target="_blank">nRF9151</a> and <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9131" target="_blank">nRF9131</a> LTE-M/NB-IoT and NR+ solutions. These new products not only broaden the scope of cellular IoT but also introduce NR+ support and capabilities to the technology for the first time.By providing support for a future massive IoT, cellular IoT and NR+ technology will not only boost productivity, enhance leisure activities, and improve education, but will also us address global challenges like climate change, sustainable living, resource conservation, and improved health - creating a better world for all.

In the future, the IoT will become ubiquitous with billions or even trillions of ‘things’ connected to the Cloud. These things aren’t just the PCs, servers, smart TVs, and smartphones traditionally associated with the Internet, they’re also small sensors and actuators

Building high-density IoT networks with cellular IoT and DECT NR+

The Internet of Things, with its vision of linking all aspects to a global network, is currently in the process of radically reshaping our everyday experiences across various domains.

IoT communication protocols with measurements for NB-IoT

LPWA is an abbreviation for Low-Power Wide-Area. It is also referred to as Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN). LPWA is wireless communication technology that features low power consumption and wide-area and long-distance communication.

What Is Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) Wireless Communication?

As network reliability is&nbsp;increasingly tested by aging power infrastructure and the complex demands of renewable energy, cellular IoT provides timely solutions. LTE-M or NB-IoT provide a ready-made connectivity solution for smart grids because they are robust, wireless technologies tailor-made for large scale IoT deployments like sensor networks and smart meters.&nbsp;<h2>Feeling the heat&nbsp;</h2>Temperatures around 32 degrees Celsius are common in Northern India in July. Yet at 2:30am on July 30, 2012, two of the country’s four power grids were under such intense pressure circuit breakers began to trip. Soon India was in the grip of the largest power outage in history. And just when the grid returned to normal, it failed again on an even larger scale. An estimated 670 million people were affected in the ensuing chaos.&nbsp;&nbsp;At the time, India’s power network—like many countries—was aging and complex. It had been built to distribute conventional energy sources in straightforward ways. Constructed in the 1960s and 70s, the infrastructure was designed to support the one-way flow of energy from centralized power stations to consumers. It performed satisfactorily but lacked the flexibility and control to deal with new power sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Renewables enter the energy mix&nbsp;</h2>Today, a lot of power in India and elsewhere is still generated using conventional power stations, but many other power sources are also used. Today, almost a third of electricity worldwide comes from renewable sources according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, wind farms, hydro power, geothermal and bioenergy all contribute.&nbsp;&nbsp;Many of these power sources are highly variable, so they need to be switched in and out quickly and efficiently as conditions dictate. But existing grids simply don’t have the inbuilt flexibility to manage all the added demands and intricacies renewable energy brings. And the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) fleet, with its inherent recharging demands, puts even more strain on already struggling power infrastructure. So, how can the world’s distribution networks keep up with the increasingly complex nature of today’s mixed power portfolio yet still minimize outages?&nbsp;<h2>The&nbsp;IoT&nbsp;is the key&nbsp;</h2>Since its problems early in the last decade, India has invested millions in smart grid technology and smart metering to help prevent a recurrence of mass power outages. Smart grids use a network that supports the bidirectional energy flow and communication between many different generation sources and loads. Such a grid relies on the IoT to take advantage of information from sensors to encourage collaborative actions between the utility and its customers.&nbsp;For example,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">low power cellular IoT</a>&nbsp;can be used to monitor grid conditions, detect faults, and trigger preemptive maintenance before an outage occurs. No matter how geographically remote parts of the grid might be, if there’s cellular coverage, LTE-M or NB-IoT connected sensors can be installed on network infrastructure to flag malfunctions, power surges, fires, and even a transmission tower collapse. IoT sensors can also be used to trigger reclosers and other switching equipment to rapidly connect and disconnect energy sources.&nbsp;The IoT also helps speed up the return to service after problems. For example, before the IoT, fault detection relied on customers reporting a problem. Maintenance crews were then sent to locate the fault (which could take hours), then isolate lines, and restore power. It was a lengthy process especially in remote areas. Now, by using the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) capability built into cellular IoT devices such as Nordic’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9160" target="_blank">nRF9160</a>, the location of any faults can be accurately pinpointed and lines remotely isolated - saving time and resources.&nbsp;<h2>The non-cellular alternative for IoT&nbsp;</h2><a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/DECT-NR" target="_blank">DECT NR+</a>&nbsp;(“NR+”) a non-cellular technology which supports kilometer range and up to one million devices per square kilometer, is highly scalable and offers enterprises such as solar or wind farms a standardized IoT alternative to existing proprietary technology. The technology operates on the global and license-exempt 1.9 GHz band.&nbsp;&nbsp;Designed with an emphasis on ultra-high reliability and ultra-low latency, NR+ enables the replacement of low latency wired systems with equivalent wireless communications in enterprise applications across the energy distribution grid. A further advantage is that NR+ cuts deployment costs by eliminating data charges and the need for certification from operators.&nbsp;<h2>Machine Learning (ML)&nbsp;sifts out the&nbsp;important data&nbsp;</h2>Devices such as Nordic’s nRF9160 SiP incorporate powerful processors that can support machine learning (ML) at the edge of the network. ML models can be used to reliably distinguish between a significant and insignificant event on the grid eliminating transmission of unimportant data to the Cloud.&nbsp;&nbsp;Instead, the device only sends a notification when it determines intervention is required. This not only lowers costs, but it also reduces the power consumption of potentially millions of devices operating in remote environments where battery replacement is simply impractical.&nbsp;While wind can’t be relied on to constantly blow, and sunlight can’t be relied on to continuously shine on solar panels. But what is a little more reliable is the many years of historical data. Because of this data, variations in wind and sunlight are largely predictable allowing grid operators to program ML models accordingly. The models can then supervise energy source switches ahead of anticipated variability.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Stabilizing the grid&nbsp;with the IoT&nbsp;</h2>While historical data can be used to predict variable energy inputs, at the other end of the supply chain, utilities can incentivize customers to shift or shed electricity demand to help with grid balancing. The IoT helps here too with cellular IoT-powered smart meters not only measuring and recording electricity consumption and generation, plus communicating this information to consumers and utilities, but also receiving signals from utilities or other service providers such as price changes or other incentives designed to limit consumption.&nbsp;Cellular IoT provides a ready-made connectivity solution for “demand response” strategies. Using the IoT, demand response can be controlled automatically and seamlessly to reduce peak consumption and enable the aggregation and remote control of smaller dispersed renewable resources. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. has 200 gigawatts of cost-effective load flexibility potential that could be realized by 2030 if effective demand response is actively pursued.&nbsp;<h2>The Internet of Energy&nbsp;</h2>With fast, high-quality wireless networks, energy consuming devices can be connected to the smart grid to form the ‘The Internet of Energy’. Such a network will allow energy companies to optimize resources and maximize grid performance. Governments can develop informed policies and regulation, and consumers can save money. It’s a win-win-win for the smart grid of the future, and the planet.&nbsp;

As network reliability is increasingly tested by aging power infrastructure and the complex demands of renewable energy, cellular IoT provides timely solutions. 

Ensuring distribution network reliability in the age of renewable energy

Join us as we showcase how easy it is to create tests for various devices, using the CO2 air quality smart project as an example. Stay tuned to learn more about testing capabilities in the Coiote DM Platform! &nbsp;Don't miss out on this opportunity to take your IoT projects to the next level! Hit that play button and discover the power of testing in the Coiote DM Platform.Grab a board with Anjay IoT SDK, Anjay Zephyr Client, or any LwM2M Client to get started.&nbsp;You can find the list here: <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/LwM2M_Client/Getting_started/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/LwM2M_Client/Getting_started/</a>Our tutorial will guide you through the Data Integration Center:&nbsp; <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Cloud_integrations/Device_Integration_Center/overview/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Device Integration Center</a>Connect your IoT devices with Anjay LwM2M Client:<ul><li><a href="https://github.com/AVSystem/Anjay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Anjay Client repository</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/AVSystem/Anjay-zephyr-client" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Anjay Zephyr Client repository</a></li></ul>Coiote IoT Device Management - free registration: Test it out yourself by registering for a free Developer account&nbsp;<a href="https://eu.iot.avsystem.cloud/?__hstc=39182204.e32fc76a6422e9c2d6fd3ce9a95697a7.1691760949211.1704969143251.1704971070640.77&__hssc=39182204.3.1704971070640&__hsfp=689555760" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Coiote IoT DM</a> user account.More information:&nbsp;<a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Coiote_IoT_DM/Device_Center/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Devzone</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/coiote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#coiote</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iot" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iot</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotsolutions" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotsolutions</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotcloud" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotcloud</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotconnectivity" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotconnectivity</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/lwm2m" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#lwm2m&nbsp;</a><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/prototypingtools" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" id="isPasted">#prototypingtools</a> <a tabindex="0" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/devicetests" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">#devicetests</a>

In this video, we'll dive into the world of device testing within our IoT Device Management Platform.

What You Can Achieve in Your Next IoT Project with Prototyping Tools?

We will show you the steps to efficiently store and analyze your data using InfluxDB Cloud.&nbsp; Grab a board with Anjay IoT SDK, Anjay Zephyr Client, or any LwM2M Client to get started.&nbsp;You can find the list here: <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/LwM2M_Client/Getting_started/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/LwM2M_Client/Getting_started/</a>Our tutorial will guide you through the Data Integration Center:&nbsp; <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Cloud_integrations/Device_Integration_Center/overview/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Device Integration Center</a>Connect your IoT devices with Anjay LwM2M Client:<ul><li><a href="https://github.com/AVSystem/Anjay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Anjay Client repository</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/AVSystem/Anjay-zephyr-client" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Anjay Zephyr Client repository</a></li></ul>Coiote IoT Device Management - free registration: Test it out yourself by registering for a free Developer account&nbsp;<a href="https://eu.iot.avsystem.cloud/?__hstc=39182204.e32fc76a6422e9c2d6fd3ce9a95697a7.1691760949211.1704969143251.1704971070640.77&__hssc=39182204.3.1704971070640&__hsfp=689555760" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Coiote IoT DM</a> user account.More information:&nbsp;<a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Coiote_IoT_DM/Device_Center/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Devzone</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/coiote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#coiote</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iot" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iot</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotsolutions" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotsolutions</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotcloud" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotcloud</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotconnectivity" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotconnectivity</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/lwm2m" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#lwm2m</a> <a tabindex="0" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/influxdb" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" id="isPasted">#influxdb</a>

In this video, we'll explore the exciting world of IoT development and learn how to seamlessly forward telemetry data to InfluxDB Cloud. 

How to forward telemetry data to InfluxDB Cloud?

As the IoT matures, analysts forecast that NB-IoT and LTE-M&nbsp;(<a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cellular IoT</a>) are likely to become the dominant technologies for connecting local area networks (LANs) or standalone wireless devices over kilometer distances to the Cloud. The process is already well underway and forms a lucrative market into which IoT connectivity vendors are keen to tap.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>LPWAN&nbsp;IoT&nbsp;connections set to&nbsp;boom&nbsp;</h2>Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) are a critical part of the IoT’s infrastructure and as such are set to grow rapidly. According to global intelligence firm, ABI Research, LPWAN connections will reach 5.3 billion in 2030, with smart metering, asset tracking, and condition-based monitoring cited amongst key IoT applications.&nbsp;&nbsp;Statista forecasts LPWAN IoT connections will outnumber any other IoT connectivity technology by 2030. And a recent study by Allied Market Research projects the global LPWAN market—valued at $8.2 billion in 2022—will reach a staggering $582 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 53.4 percent over the forecast period (2023-to-2032).&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Bridging the gap&nbsp;between&nbsp;IoT end-devices and the Cloud&nbsp;</h2>But as rapidly as the LPWAN market is growing, it remains fragmented. However, cellular IoT is gaining traction as the dominant ‘bridge’ between remote IoT end-devices and the Cloud. As alternative non-cellular connectivity technologies like LoRaWAN and Sigfox face technical and commercial pressures, cellular IoT is establishing itself as the LPWAN leader.&nbsp;&nbsp;For example, according to Mordor Intelligence’s&nbsp;Cellular IoT Market Size &amp; Share Analysis – Growth Trends &amp; Forecasts (2023–2028)&nbsp;report, the cellular IoT market size is expected to grow from $5.02 billion in 2023 to $14.26 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 23.21 percent during the five-year forecast period. This global market growth will be driven by the rise in digitalization and automation across industries such as manufacturing, automotive, and energy and utilities, claims the analyst.&nbsp;<h2>Key advantages for massive IoT&nbsp;</h2>Cellular IoT growth comes from the key advantages it offers for massive IoT; chief among these advantages is its Internet Protocol (IP) interoperability which enables a bidirectional link between end-devices and the Cloud without the need for expensive and complex routers or gateways. Further advantages include future proofing, scalability, security, and high quality of service (QoS).&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>NB-IoT&nbsp;for static&nbsp;applications&nbsp;and LTE-M&nbsp;for mobile applications&nbsp;</h2>NB-IoT and LTE-M&nbsp;are the two underlying technologies supporting cellular IoT. NB-IoT is suited to static applications. Examples include smart meters and smart streetlights. LTE-M is suited to devices that can change locations, such as asset trackers or wearables.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Flexibility and support for massive IoT&nbsp;</h2>Industry experts suggest the positive trends for NB-IoT and LTE-M can largely be attributed to flexibility and support for massive IoT that cellular IoT’s competitors struggle to match.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cellular IoT uses existing cellular base stations (with software upgrades) to connect massive IoT devices to the Cloud. The LPWAN technology can connect over kilometers, supports a high density of IoT devices, doesn’t require much battery power, and offers high security. &nbsp;&nbsp;Cellular IoT base stations can each support up to 50,000 cellular IoT connections. The communications are fully bidirectional, and the technology is an integral part of the 5G specifications.&nbsp;Standardization for 5G is carried out by several international organizations, primarily the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).&nbsp;Based on the support of these mature global standards bodies, powerful mobile network operators (MNO)—such as Vodafone, Orange, Telenor, and Telefonica—and a solid vendor ecosystem including Nordic Semiconductor, cellular IoT is beginning to justify the hype, not to mention the considerable investment.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Cellular IoT takes the largest market&nbsp;share&nbsp;</h2>The technical and commercial advantages of cellular IoT are driving the technology towards a dominant share of the LPWAN market. According to IoT Analytics, NB-IoT (47 percent) and LTE-M (10 percent) already made-up 57 percent of the global LPWAN installed base in 2022, compared to 43 percent for the combined competition.&nbsp;&nbsp;In its&nbsp;LPWAN Market Report – 2022, Omdia predicted LPWAN connections will grow at a CAGR of 23 percent in the five-year period to 2028, driven predominantly by growth in NB-IoT and LoRaWAN technologies. The analyst forecasts NB-IoT and LoRaWAN will account for 87 percent of all LPWAN connections in 2028, up from 85 percent in 2023.&nbsp;The company expects there will be almost 1.6 billion NB-IoT LWPAN connections in 2028 with a further 300 million LTE-M connections – around 800 million more connections than the closest competitor, LoRaWAN, and dwarfing the number of connections for Sigfox and other technologies.&nbsp;<h2>Boosting productivity and saving cost&nbsp;</h2>Cellular IoT connectivity has already played&nbsp;a major role&nbsp;in enhancing productivity, streamlining operations, minimizing downtime, automating processes, and generating cost savings across various industries&nbsp;– for example,&nbsp;utilities, agriculture, industrial, retail,&nbsp;and healthcare. And having&nbsp;already&nbsp;taken the lead&nbsp;in&nbsp;the LPWAN&nbsp;sector, the technology is on track to&nbsp;command&nbsp;a critical role in the future of the IoT.&nbsp;

As the IoT matures, analysts forecast that NB-IoT and LTE-M (cellular IoT) are likely to become the dominant technologies for connecting local area networks (LANs) or standalone wireless devices over kilometer distances to the Cloud. 

Cellular IoT dominates LPWANs

We'll explore the ins and outs of leveraging Kafka for seamless data forwarding and processing data streams.&nbsp;Grab a board with Anjay IoT SDK, Anjay Zephyr Client, or any LwM2M Client to get started.&nbsp;You can find the list here: <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/LwM2M_Client/Getting_started/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/LwM2M_Client/Getting_started/</a>Our tutorial will guide you through the Data Integration Center:&nbsp; <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Cloud_integrations/Device_Integration_Center/overview/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Device Integration Center</a>Connect your IoT devices with Anjay LwM2M Client:<ul><li><a href="https://github.com/AVSystem/Anjay" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Anjay Client repository</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/AVSystem/Anjay-zephyr-client" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Anjay Zephyr Client repository</a></li></ul>Coiote IoT Device Management - free registration: Test it out yourself by registering for a free Developer account <a href="https://eu.iot.avsystem.cloud/?__hstc=39182204.e32fc76a6422e9c2d6fd3ce9a95697a7.1691760949211.1704969143251.1704971070640.77&__hssc=39182204.3.1704971070640&__hsfp=689555760" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Coiote IoT DM</a> user account.More information: <a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Coiote_IoT_DM/Device_Center/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Devzone</a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/coiote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#coiote</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iot" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iot</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotsolutions" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotsolutions</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotcloud" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotcloud</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iotconnectivity" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#iotconnectivity</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/lwm2m" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">#lwm2m</a> <a tabindex="0" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/kafka" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" id="isPasted">#kafka</a>

In this video, we're delving into the dynamic world of forwarding data to Kafka. 

How to forward telemetry data to Confluent Kafka?

Today we'll examine how the LwM2M standard and integrations with cloud services simplify these challenges, offering efficient, secure data collection and ingestion, cutting costs, and easing the burden of compliance. Let's get into it.<h3>Data Handling Challenges in IoT</h3>There are tons of data management challenges in IoT ecosystems, but here are the most critical.<ol><li>Complexity and Volume of Data: IoT ecosystems often have to handle diverse data types and volumes. Devices of various types and from multiple manufacturers generate data in non-standardized formats, flooding the system every few minutes. Not all this data is useful for business or operational insights, making effective data management and filtration crucial if you want to get the most out of your IoT data.</li><li>Complicated IoT Architecture: Connecting IoT devices to the cloud involves intricate architectures, leading to prolonged development times and higher costs.</li><li>Vendor Lock-in: IoT projects often face vendor lock-in, especially with cloud services and platform providers. This restricts flexibility and can lead to dependency on a single vendor for updates, support, and scaling, hindering the ability to adapt to changing needs or take advantage of new technologies. It can also mean data from different vendors doesn't play well together, leading to more technical challenges and driving up costs.</li><li>End-to-End Data Safety: The key challenges lie in maintaining secure communication channels across diverse networks and devices, as well as implementing robust encryption methods to safeguard sensitive data from potential breaches and unauthorized access.</li></ol><h3>How AVSystem enables IoT Data Collection and Data Ingestion with LwM2M</h3>In IoT, managing data effectively is vital to the success of connected ecosystems. Why? Because it ensures that the vast streams of data generated by interconnected devices are translated into actionable insights rather than overwhelming noise. AVSystem's <a href="https://www.avsystem.com/coiote-iot-device-management-platform/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Coiote IoT Device Management Platform</a> tackles the complex demands of IoT with cutting-edge solutions designed for diverse applications. Let's break this down further.<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" alt="" src="https://www.avsystem.com/media/streamline-data_illustration_(1).png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">IoT data collection and ingestion for LwM2M solution<h3>Structured Data with LwM2M</h3>AVSystem’s Coiote IoT Device Management Platform leverages <a href="https://www.avsystem.com/blog/iot/lwm2m-iot-device-management-features/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the Lightweight M2M (LwM2M) protocol</a> to bring structure to IoT device management, OTA updates and data collection. By defining a set of rules for data format, transmission, and storage, LwM2M ensures that devices from different manufacturers can seamlessly communicate and share data with central management systems, simplifying integration and enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of IoT networks.For example, LwM2M ensures that telemetry and device data are organized with <a href="https://technical.openmobilealliance.org/OMNA/LwM2M/LwM2MRegistry.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the LwM2M Object Registry</a>, which is crucial for interpreting and utilizing information.The LwM2M Object Registry serves as a comprehensive repository that defines standardized objects and resources, providing a common framework for IoT device communication. These predefined objects encapsulate essential information about devices, their capabilities, and functionalities, promoting interoperability across diverse devices and their manufacturers. The registry establishes a unified language for communication, ensuring that devices adhere to a standardized set of rules and parameters. With the LwM2M Object Registry, AVSystem's Coiote platform further optimizes the management, collection, and utilization of data, fostering a more efficient, scalable, and reliable ecosystem for IoT networks.<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" alt="" src="https://www.avsystem.com/media/data-format_1920_(1).png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">LwM2M Data format including Resource and Object structure <img data-fr-image-pasted="true" alt="" src="https://www.avsystem.com/media/structured_data_(1).png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Structured data presentation in the Coiote IoT Device Management Platform <h3>Telemetry data management</h3>The Coiote platform also facilitates the easy collection of sensor data to third-party application platforms via Webhook or Kafka integration, making IoT data collection management seamless.<h3>More on Kafka</h3>Kafka is an open-source stream-processing platform that excels in managing data streams. It's engineered to let organizations handle, publish, and process vast data volumes efficiently across distributed systems. Kafka's resilience and fault tolerance are integral to its design, enabling reliable data management even in complex, high-volume scenarios.<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" alt="" src="https://www.avsystem.com/media/kafka_(1).png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Setting up Kafka event handler in the Coiote IoT Device Management Platform<h3>More on Webhooks</h3>Webhooks in Coiote enable swift, automated responses to specific data events. This real-time capability is crucial for systems needing instant reactions, like alerting personnel to critical changes in monitored environments. For example, in a retail environment, webhooks could instantly update inventory management systems when stock levels change, as detected by IoT sensors. This immediate notification enables businesses to automatically reorder products, update online inventory statuses, or even alert staff to restock shelves, ensuring a seamless retail operation and enhancing customer satisfaction.<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" alt="" src="https://www.avsystem.com/media/webhook_(1).png" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Setting up Webhook event handler in the Coiote IoT Device Management Platform<h3>Dynamic Data Integration and Event Handling</h3><a href="https://iotdevzone.avsystem.com/docs/Cloud_integrations/Device_Integration_Center/webhooks/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Data Integration Center</a> in the Coiote Platform, fortified with a robust API, enables dynamic management of IoT data. It uses event handlers adept at reacting to telemetry and lifecycle events, streamlining IoT device and telemetry data management. This proactive approach allows for immediate action in response to data insights, enhancing operational efficiency.<h3>Simplified Cloud Connectivity</h3>Coiote IoT Device Management Platform simplifies the connection between IoT devices and the cloud. Ready integrations with hardware and cloud services, combined with the LwM2M standardization, ensure secure and streamlined IoT data collection and management. This simplification extends to ensuring data security through device authentication and robust encryption practices.<h3>Cost-efficient Data Handling and Freedom from Vendor Lock-in</h3>Webhooks API enables real-time communication with external systems, promoting interoperability and reducing dependency on specific cloud vendor services like Azure IoT Hub or AWS IoT Core. Connecting Coiote directly with data visualization platforms can help save costs associated with using those platforms.Additionally, by offering LwM2M open-standard solutions, Coiote IoT Platform provides freedom from vendor lock-in. Companies can select the solutions that best fit their needs without being tethered to a single provider, promoting flexibility in IoT device management.<h3>Scalable IoT Data Ingestion</h3>Building an IoT data ingestion pipeline with AVSystem’s IoT solution is efficient, allowing for scalable and efficient data management. The platform's generic data management approach ensures compatibility with most platforms, including Kafka for stream processing and Webhooks/REST API for real-time notifications.<h3>Final Thoughts</h3>In conclusion, the intricacies of managing IoT data underscore the need for standardized frameworks like LwM2M. Beyond specific solutions, the broader shift toward prioritizing interoperability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness challenges us to rethink our fundamental approaches to ensure resilient and future-proof IoT implementations.

Managing data in IoT is a tough task. With varied data types and huge volumes, connecting devices to the cloud becomes complex and expensive. But it doesn't have to be that way.

How to Streamline Data Handling with LwM2M Solutions?

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