In this episode, we discuss a novel sticker capable of monitoring the health of organs in real time allowing for more successful organ transplants and catching signs of diseases earlier than ever!

Podcast: Sticker to Monitor Your Internal Organs

In this episode, we discuss the shortcomings of previous attempts at making flexible wearable sensors and how researchers at CalTech have addressed them to create high performance stress sensor stickers.

Stress Sensing Stickers

This article was discussed in our <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Next Byte podcast</a>.&nbsp;<iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/1e9bb08c-384a-4d12-983e-8af2e63c741b?dark=false" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> The full article will continue below.<hr>MIT engineers have developed a small ultrasound sticker that can monitor the stiffness of organs deep inside the body. The sticker, about the size of a postage stamp, can be worn on the skin and is designed to pick up on signs of disease, such as liver and kidney failure and the progression of solid tumors.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA3NzI0MzU5MjkzLU1JVC1TZWVpbmdTdGlmZm5lc3MtMDEtcHJlc3NfMC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A small ultrasound sticker, worn on the skin, can monitor the stiffness of organs deep inside the body. The MIT-developed sensor could detect signs of disease such as liver and kidney failure, and the progression of solid tumors. Image: Courtesy of the researchersIn an <a href="https://science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk8426" target="_blank">open-access study appearing today</a> in Science Advances, the team reports that the sensor can send sound waves through the skin and into the body, where the waves reflect off internal organs and back out to the sticker. The pattern of the reflected waves can be read as a signature of organ rigidity, which the sticker can measure and track.“When some organs undergo disease, they can stiffen over time,” says the senior author of the paper, Xuanhe Zhao, professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. “With this wearable sticker, we can continuously monitor changes in rigidity over long periods of time, which is crucially important for early diagnosis of internal organ failure.”The team has demonstrated that the sticker can continuously monitor the stiffness of organs over 48 hours and detect subtle changes that could signal the progression of disease. In preliminary experiments, the researchers found that the sticky sensor can detect early signs of acute liver failure in rats.The engineers are working to adapt the design for use in humans. They envision that the sticker could be used in intensive care units (ICUs), where the low-profile sensors could continuously monitor patients who are recovering from organ transplants.“We imagine that, just after a liver or kidney transplant, we could adhere this sticker to a patient and observe how the rigidity of the organ changes over days,” lead author Hsiao-Chuan Liu says. “If there is any early diagnosis of acute liver failure, doctors can immediately take action instead of waiting until the condition becomes severe.” Liu was a visiting scientist at MIT at the time of the study and is currently an assistant professor at the University of Southern California.The study’s MIT co-authors include Xiaoyu Chen and Chonghe Wang, along with collaborators at USC.Sensing wobblesLike our muscles, the tissues and organs in our body stiffen as we age. With certain diseases, stiffening organs can become more pronounced, signaling a potentially precipitous health decline. Clinicians currently have ways to measure the stiffness of organs such as the kidneys and liver using ultrasound elastography — a technique similar to ultrasound imaging, in which a technician manipulates a handheld probe or wand over the skin. The probe sends sound waves through the body, which cause internal organs to vibrate slightly and send waves out in return. The probe senses an organ’s induced vibrations, and the pattern of the vibrations can be translated into how wobbly or stiff the organ must be.Ultrasound elastography is typically used in the ICU to monitor patients who have recently undergone an organ transplant. Technicians periodically check in on a patient shortly after surgery to quickly probe the new organ and look for signs of stiffening and potential acute failure or rejection.“After organ transplantation, the first 72 hours is most crucial in the ICU,” says another senior author, Qifa Zhou, a professor at USC. “With traditional ultrasound, you need to hold a probe to the body. But you can’t do this continuously over the long term. Doctors might miss a crucial moment and realize too late that the organ is failing.”The team realized that they might be able to provide a more continuous, wearable alternative. Their solution expands on an <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2022/ultrasound-stickers-0728" target="_blank">ultrasound sticker</a> they previously developed to image deep tissues and organs.“Our imaging sticker picked up on longitudinal waves, whereas this time we wanted to pick up shear waves, which will tell you the rigidity of the organ,” Zhao explains.Existing ultrasound elastrography probes measure shear waves, or an organ’s vibration in response to sonic impulses. The faster a shear wave travels in the organ, the stiffer the organ is interpreted to be. (Think of the bounce-back of a water balloon compared to a soccer ball.)The team looked to miniaturize ultrasound elastography to fit on a stamp-sized sticker. They also aimed to retain the same sensitivity of commercial hand-held probes, which typically incorporate about 128 piezoelectric transducers, each of which transforms an incoming electric field into outgoing sound waves.“We used advanced fabrication techniques to cut small transducers from high-quality piezoelectric materials that allowed us to design miniaturized ultrasound stickers,” Zhou says.The researchers precisely fabricated 128 miniature transducers that they incorporated onto a 25-millimeter-square chip. They lined the chip’s underside with an adhesive made from hydrogel — a sticky and stretchy material that is a mixture of water and polymer, which allows sound waves to travel into and out of the device almost without loss.In preliminary experiments, the team tested the stiffness-sensing sticker in rats. They found that the stickers were able to take continuous measurements of liver stiffness over 48 hours. From the sticker’s collected data, the researchers observed clear and early signs of acute liver failure, which they later confirmed with tissue samples.“Once liver goes into failure, the organ will increase in rigidity by multiple times,” Liu notes.“You can go from a healthy liver as wobbly as a soft-boiled egg, to a diseased liver that is more like a hard-boiled egg,” Zhao adds. “And this sticker can pick up on those differences deep inside the body and provide an alert when organ failure occurs.”The team is working with clinicians to adapt the sticker for use in patients recovering from organ transplants in the ICU. In that scenario, they don’t anticipate much change to the sticker’s current design, as it can be stuck to a patient’s skin, and any sound waves that it sends and receives can be delivered and collected by electronics that connect to the sticker, similar to electrodes and EKG machines in a doctor’s office.“The real beauty of this system is that since it is now wearable, it would allow low-weight, conformable, and sustained monitoring over time,” says Shrike Zhang,&nbsp;an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and associate bioengineer at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, who was not involved with the study. “This would likely not only allow patients to suffer less while achieving prolonged, almost real-time monitoring of their disease progression, but also free trained hospital personnel to other important tasks.”The researchers are also hoping to work the sticker into a more portable, self-enclosed version, where all its accompanying electronics and processing is miniaturized to fit into a slightly larger patch. Then, they envision that the sticker could be worn by patients at home, to continuously monitor conditions over longer periods, such as the progression of solid tumors, which are known to harden with severity.“We believe this is a life-saving technology platform,” Zhao says. “In the future, we think that people can adhere a few stickers to their body to measure many vital signals, and image and track the health of major organs in the body.”

“We used advanced fabrication techniques to cut small transducers from high-quality piezoelectric materials that allowed us to design miniaturized ultrasound stickers,” Xuanhe Zhao, professor of mechanical engineering at MIT, says. Image: Courtesy of the researchers

The sticky, wearable sensor could help identify early signs of acute liver failure.

This ultrasound sticker senses changing stiffness of deep internal organs

The adoption of healthcare monitoring devices that are both flexible and conform to the wearer have gained traction1. Spurred on by the need for remote care during the COVID-19 pandemic and technological advances in sensor accuracy, wearable health monitoring devices have become more ubiquitous in many areas of healthcare. In particular, there has been a rise in the development of wearable sensing and monitoring devices for telemedicine operations. Telemedicine has grown significantly in the last few years—and even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic when doctor-patient contact was limited—to remotely monitor patients in their own homes so hospitals could free up much-needed beds. While wearable technologies can be used in clinical environments to provide an analysis, much of their potential is in remote health monitoring.These wearable sensing devices typically make use of flexible materials, such as polymers, thin films, 2D materials and other nanomaterials. Health monitoring devices often consist of a flexible material that conforms to the wearer and is integrated with electronic components, including sensors, a power source—be it a battery, solar cell, or some other type of energy harvester like a nanogenerator—communication technologies if it transmits data to a central processing system, and any relevant circuitry.Building electronic components that are small and flexible enough to be used in wearable technologies is not that straightforward, and is why different nanomaterials—especially 2D materials—are often used to create the components because they fit the bill and can be easily integrated. But another approach is gathering interest: printing sensors—the most crucial aspects of a monitoring system—directly onto the wearable device.These printed sensors are sometimes made of 2D materials and other nanomaterials, but other materials can also be used as well. The ability to print sensors onto wearable health monitoring devices could pave a way to a much simpler and easier route to commercializing more wearable monitoring devices—especially if conventional, inexpensive, or easy-to-use printing technologies are used to print the sensor.<h2>Why Printed Sensors?</h2>While a range of advanced deposition and nanodeposition methods exist that can fabricate thin-film sensors on the substrate for wearable devices—often a soft polymer due to their flexibility and conformability—a number of biomedical sensors can be printed using screen printing techniques. Other techniques, such as inkjet and transfer printing, can be used as well, but screen printing is seen as the best option for printing sensors.Screen printing equipment is widely available, has a relatively low cost, and is easier to use than more advanced deposition methods, so it offers a much more scalable and commercially feasible route for using printed sensors in healthcare monitoring devices. Screen printing can also be used with many materials—from polymer solutions to conductive nanomaterial inks—so it is a versatile platform for printing a number of sensors.So, why print sensors instead of creating them through other manufacturing routes? Screen printing is a simple, fast, and efficient printing technique that can produce a large number of identical patterns in a single print. For large-scale operations and commercialization potential, screen printing can easily be adapted for mass production at a lower cost than other methods.From a performance perspective, screen printing provides high-resolution patterning and can print over large areas. The ability of screen printing to deposit material on demand in a given location also helps to reduce waste—especially on large scales—compared to traditional manufacturing methods because it is all done in a single step.There are, therefore, a number of manufacturing benefits with using printing methods. Beyond that, a greater design capability exists for health wearables because printing methods enable the production of sensors that are not only very thin but also provide the ability to print on the surface of the device. This approach is much simpler than trying to integrate devices into the material matrix of the wearable. You can also create a more customized sensor because you can print on demand, and the printing process can be changed to make a different sensor much easier than a typical manufacturing line.In terms of the materials compatible with screen printing, the scope is vast. Depending on the type of sensor being created, a whole host of materials can be used. On the one hand, a range of metals can be made into printable conductive inks to build the sensor. Common metals for wearable health sensors include gold, copper, platinum, nickel, aluminum, and silver. Beyond metals, a range of nanomaterial composites (graphene, carbon nanotubes composites), functional nanomaterial inks, and silver composites have all been used as the active sensing surface in printed health wearable sensors.The sensors also need a platform to be printed on. This often takes the form of a conductive polymer so that the sensor can better interact with the skin and the other components to provide higher sensitivity and reliability. PEDOT:PSS is the polymer platform that is most widely used for printed sensors, but other polymer materials include polyacetylene, polypyrrol, polyphenylene, poly (p-phenylene vinylene), and polythiophene polyaniline.<h2>The Printed Sensors of Interest in Healthcare Monitoring Applications</h2>Just as many materials can be used to create printed health sensors, many different types of printable sensors are used in health monitoring devices. Take, for example, strain-based sensors. Strain-based sensors measure a form of movement, and these wearable sensors are used in human-physiological signal monitoring and human-joint motion monitoring approaches.Another healthcare specialty measures different biomolecules and human signals. Non-strain-based sensors detect the biomolecule of interest directly or by directly measuring a physiological parameter that the patient exhibits. From a molecule-sensing perspective, a number of biomolecules in the blood can be detected, with glucose levels being a common one as well as the presence of sweat on a person’s skin. From a signal detection perspective, printed sensors can now detect respiration and heartbeat levels in a patient and provide remote electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring.Another class of printed sensors for wearables is sensor arrays. In sensor arrays, multiple sensors work together to detect more complex issues or issues that require analysis from several stimuli angles. Sensor arrays are helpful in monitoring gait during walking, monitoring the sitting posture of wheelchair users, and monitoring the skin.Finally, there’s been advances in the development of printed temperature sensors for wearable health devices. Thermal sensing is a key area in disease detection because the body suffers thermal stresses when there is a disease present, and the rise in both skin and deep body temperature can be a primary indicator of a serious disease. Using printed temperature sensors, health wearables can detect a range of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, diabetic, and pulmonological diseases, as well as cancer.<h2>Conclusion</h2>Health monitoring wearables are gaining acceptance as an effective way to remotely measure many health factors of a patient. The most important aspect of these wearables is the sensing system that provides the analysis on the patient. For patients to be willing to wear the health monitoring device over an extended amount of time, the sensors and other components need to flex with the wearable component. While integrating flexible sensors is possible—for example, by using thin nanomaterials—printing sensors on the device’s surface is much easier, requires less material, and is much more scalable.A variety of printed health wearables are already in existence (commercially and academically. The printing methods discussed offer a route to achieve widespread distribution of health wearables. While many options are available, screen printing is the leading printing technology because it is highly versatile and can be used with many materials to create sensors that monitor different aspects of a person’s health—from heart rate to detecting a chance of a disease, to the different biomolecules in their blood, and many more in between.

The COVID-19 pandemic and advancements in sensor technology have led to the widespread adoption of wearable health monitoring devices, particularly for telemedicine, to facilitate remote patient monitoring.

Printable Sensors: A Key Technology for Health Wearables?

This article was discussed in our <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Next Byte podcast</a>.&nbsp;<iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/437b67d4-99c8-455a-9ae6-e487b81825a1?dark=false" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> The full article will continue below.<hr>In the latest of a series of innovative designs for wearable sensors that use sweat to identify and measure physiological conditions, Caltech's Wei Gao, assistant professor of medical engineering, has devised an "electronic skin" that continuously monitors nine different markers that characterize a stress response. Those wearing this electronic skin—a small, thin adhesive worn on the wrist, called CARES (consolidated artificial-intelligence-reinforced electronic skin)—are free to engage in all their normal daily activities with minimal interference during testing, which allows for the measurement of both baseline and acute levels of stress.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA2NTEyNDkyMDc2LUdhb19XZWktU3RyZXNzLVN3ZWF0LVNlbnNvci01LVdFQi53aWR0aC00NTAgKDEpLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Stress is a slippery concept. We talk about "feeling stressed" or a situation "being stressful," and we may attach stress to physical symptoms: "I have a stress headache" or "I'm grinding my teeth at night. It must be stress." The term stress can apply to all sorts of feelings, symptoms, behaviors, and experiences.Hans Selye, a physician and chemist born in Vienna in 1907, was the first to define stress as a medical condition. Struck by the similar complaints—such as tiredness, low appetite, and lack of motivation—that he heard from patients suffering from very different illnesses, Selye speculated that all of the patients were responding to what they had in common: being sick. He defined stress as a "nonspecific response of the body to any demand."Stress may be experienced positively as excitement or energy, or negatively as shock or anxiety. But however stress may be experienced emotionally, it is now widely agreed that depending on its severity and duration, both acute and chronic stress can damage our physical and mental health, and reduce our ability to function as we would like.Because stress is, as Selye described it, "nonspecific," there is no single biomarker available to tell us definitively whether or how much a person is stressed. However, stress generates a constellation of bodily reactions that, taken together, can provide a measure of stress independent of self-reports. Gao is monitoring this constellation with CARES.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA2NTEyNDI2MzM3LUdhb19XZWktU3RyZXNzLVN3ZWF0LVNlbnNvci00LVdFQl8zSW1tM1pKLndlYnAiLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A sweat sensor worn on the wrist, lifted to show the thinness of the device. Credit: Wei Gao and Changhao Xu"When a person is under stress, hormones like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are released into the bloodstream," explains Gao, who is also an investigator with the Heritage Medical Research Institute and a Ronald and JoAnne Willens Scholar. "Sweat becomes rich with metabolites like glucose, lactate, and uric acid, and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and ammonium. These are substances we have measured before using <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/new-wearable-sensor-detects-even-more-compounds-in-human-sweat" target="_blank">microfluidic sampling on a wearable sweat sensor</a>. What is new in CARES is that sweat sensors are integrated with sensors that record pulse waveforms, skin temperature, and galvanic skin response: physiological signals that also indicate stress in predictable ways."New materials further boost the performance of CARES. Though previously used materials for sweat sensors could be produced efficiently via inkjet printing and were capable of accurate measurement of even very scarce compounds, the materials gradually broke down in the presence of bodily fluids. The introduction of a nickel-based compound helps to stabilize the enzymatic-based sensors, such as those that detect lactate or glucose, as does a new polymer added to the ion-based sensors, which detect biomarkers like sodium or potassium. "Adding these new materials greatly enhances the sensor stability during long-term operation," Gao reports. Like previous sweat sensors, CARES can be battery powered and can wirelessly communicate with a phone or computer via Bluetooth.Another important innovation with CARES is the addition of machine learning. Because stress comes in many different forms and stimulates a complex response affecting many different bodily systems, interpreting a wealth of data accurately is key to the usefulness of CARES and other sensors. Experiments inducing stress in subjects wearing the CARES device demonstrated that the sensor accurately measures the interrelatedness of physiological (such as pulse) and chemical (such as glucose) biomarkers. Subjects also answered questionnaires to self-report their feelings of anxiety and psychological stress before and after exposure to stressful situations like vigorous exercise or intense video gameplay. Data showed clear correlations between self-reports of stress and its physicochemical correlates as measured by CARES."High levels of stress and anxiety caused by demanding work environments, such as those experienced by soldiers or astronauts, can significantly affect performance," Gao notes. "Early detection of the severity of stress allows for timely intervention. Our wearable sensor, combined with machine learning, has the potential to provide real-time stress-level insights."The paper describing the CARES device, titled "A physicochemical sensing electronic skin for stress response monitoring," appears in the January 19 issue of Nature Electronics. Co-authors are Changhao Xu (MS '20), Yu Song, Juliane R. Sempionatto, Samuel R. Solomon (MS '23), You Yu, Roland Yingjie Tay, Jiahong Li, Wenzheng Heng (MS '23), Jihong Min (MS '19), and Alison Lao of Caltech; Hnin Y. Y. Nyein of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; and Tzung K. Hsiai and Jennifer A. Sumner of UCLA.

In the latest of a series of innovative designs for wearable sensors that use sweat to identify and measure physiological conditions, Caltech's Wei Gao has devised an "electronic skin" that continuously monitors nine different markers that characterize a stress response.

Measuring Stress

In this episode, we discuss the accidental discovery of how amputees can sense temperature in their phantom limbs and how EPFL researchers have exploited this to develop the first generation of prosthetics that can feel.

Podcast: Amputees Feel Warmth In Their Missing Hand

 Innovations such as biomimicry, software inspired by insect brains, smart skin, neuromorphic computing, and other emerging technologies further expand robots' capabilities and push the boundaries of robotics hardware.

The 2023 Manufacturing Robotics Report: Hardware

If you&rsquo;ve ever tried giftwrapping an odd-shaped present like a teddy bear, you can appreciate the challenge that surgeons face when grafting artificial skin onto an injured body part. Like wrapping paper, engineered skin comes in flat pieces, which can be difficult and time-consuming to stitch together around an irregularly shaped body part.Bioengineers at Columbia University appear to have solved this problem by devising a way to grow engineered skin in complex, three-dimensional shapes, making it possible to construct, for example, a seamless &ldquo;glove&rdquo; of skin cells that can be easily slipped onto a severely burned hand.The researchers reported their findings in a paper published Jan. 27 in&nbsp;<a data-extlink="" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade2514" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Science Advances(link is external and opens in a new window)</a>.&ldquo;Three-dimensional skin constructs that can be transplanted as &lsquo;biological clothing&rsquo; would have many advantages,&rdquo; says lead developer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dermatology.columbia.edu/profile/hasan-e-abaci-phd" target="_blank">Hasan Erbil Abaci, PhD</a>, assistant professor of dermatology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. &ldquo;They would dramatically minimize the need for suturing, reduce the length of surgeries, and improve aesthetic outcomes.&rdquo;The current study also revealed that the continuous 3D grafts have better mechanical and functional properties than conventional, pieced-together grafts.<h2>3D scaffolding</h2>The process of creating the new skin grafts begins with a 3D laser scan of the target structure, such as a human hand. Next, a hollow, permeable model of the hand is crafted using computer-aided design and 3D printing. The exterior of the model is then seeded with skin fibroblasts, which generate the skin&rsquo;s connective tissue, and collagen (a structural protein). Finally, the outside of the mold is coated with a mixture of keratinocytes (cells that comprise most of the outer skin layer, or epidermis) and the inside is perfused with growth media, which support and nourish the developing graft.Except for the 3D scaffold, the researchers employed the same procedures used to make flat engineered skin and the entire process took the same time, about three weeks.In a first test of the 3D engineered skin, constructs composed of human skin cells were successfully grafted onto the hind limbs of mice. &ldquo;It was like putting a pair of shorts on the mice,&rdquo; Abaci says, &ldquo;The entire surgery took about 10 minutes.&rdquo; Four weeks later, the grafts had completely integrated with the surrounding mouse skin, and the mice reacquired full functions of the limb.Mouse skin heals differently than human skin, so the researchers next plan to test the grafts on larger animals with skin biology that more closely matches that of humans. Clinical trials on humans are likely years away.<h2>Redesigning engineered skin</h2>The 3D grafts are the first major re-design of engineered skin grafts since they were first introduced in the early 1980s. &ldquo;Engineered skin started with only two cell types, but human skin has around 50 types of cells. Most research had focused on mimicking the cellular components of human skin,&rdquo; Abaci says. &ldquo;As a bioengineer, it&rsquo;s always bothered me that the skin&rsquo;s geometry was overlooked and grafts have been made with open boundaries, or edges. We know from bioengineering other organs that geometry is an important factor that affects function.&rdquo;Abaci and his team realized they could make more lifelike grafts when 3D printers became available and could create three-dimensional scaffolds necessary for making the engineered skin.&ldquo;We hypothesized that a 3D fully enclosed shape would more closely mimic our natural skin and be stronger mechanically, and that&rsquo;s what we found,&rdquo; Abaci says. &ldquo;Simply remaining faithful to the continuous geometry of human skin significantly improves the composition, structure, and strength of the graft.&rdquo;In the future, Abaci envisions grafts could be custom-made from a patient&rsquo;s own cells. With only a 4X4 mm skin sample, enough cells can be cultured and multiplied to create enough skin to cover a human hand.&ldquo;Another compelling use would be face transplants, where our wearable skin would be integrated with underlying tissues like cartilage, muscle, and bone, offering patients a personalized alternative to cadaver transplants,&rdquo; Abaci says.<hr>The study is titled &ldquo;<a href="https://epicure.cumc.columbia.edu/content/about-epicure-center" target="_blank">Engineering Edgeless Human Skin with Enhanced Biomechanical Properties</a>.&rdquo;The other contributors (all at Columbia University): Alberto Pappalardo, David Alvarez Cespedes, Shuyang Fang, Abigail R. Herschman, Eun Young Jeon, Kristin M. Myers, and Jeffrey W. Kysar.

Creating a "glove" of engineered skin begins with a 3D-printed scaffold and ends three weeks later with a construct ready for grafting. Images: Alberto Pappalardo and Hasan Erbil Abaci / Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Columbia University devising a way to grow engineered skin in complex, three-dimensional shapes, making it possible to construct, for example, a seamless “glove” of skin cells that can be easily slipped onto a severely burned hand.

Bioengineered Skin Grafts that Fit Like a Glove

In general, silicone based conductive pastes are rare and the versions with AgCl fillers- needed for many medical wearable applications- are even rarer! <a data-attribute-index="0" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniProfile:ACoAACBPPG0BiuMqPPP9xTDFydt590kiUA2t-Us" data-entity-type="MINI_PROFILE" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ACoAACBPPG0BiuMqPPP9xTDFydt590kiUA2t-Us" id="isPasted" target="_blank">David Dewey</a> from <a data-attribute-index="2" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniCompany:27073286" data-entity-type="MINI_COMPANY" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/fujikura-kasei-co-ltd/" target="_blank">FUJIKURA KASEI Co Ltd</a> unveiled this paste for the first time in June at <a data-attribute-index="4" data-entity-hovercard-id="urn:li:fs_miniCompany:71510477" data-entity-type="MINI_COMPANY" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/techblick/" target="_blank">TechBlick</a>. The pastes can offer 1-10 E-4 ohm/sqr when cured at 150C for 30min or so on substrates such as PET or silicone sheet.&nbsp;These inks are compatible with other silicone-based (insulator, adhesive, etc) out of Fujikura&#39;s portfolio, enabling one to print complex multi-layer medical wearable devices on stretchable substrates like silicone!The short video below offers further information<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/739956599" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" style="width: 774px; height: 476px;"></iframe>

In general, silicone based conductive pastes are rare and the versions with AgCl fillers- needed for many medical wearable applications- are even rarer! 

Stretchable silicone-based medical devices with AgCl fillers?

This article was first published on <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2022/sensor-electronic-chipless-0818" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MIT News</a>. &nbsp;<hr>Wearable sensors are ubiquitous thanks to wireless technology that enables a person&rsquo;s glucose concentrations, blood pressure, heart rate, and activity levels to be transmitted seamlessly from sensor to smartphone for further analysis.Most wireless sensors today communicate via embedded Bluetooth chips that are themselves powered by small batteries. But these conventional chips and power sources will likely be too bulky for next-generation sensors, which are taking on smaller, thinner, more flexible forms.Now MIT engineers have devised a new kind of wearable sensor that communicates wirelessly without requiring onboard chips or batteries. Their design, detailed today in the journal&nbsp;Science, opens a path toward chip-free wireless sensors.The team&rsquo;s sensor design is a form of electronic skin, or &ldquo;e-skin&rdquo; &mdash; a flexible, semiconducting film that conforms to the skin like electronic Scotch tape. The heart of the sensor is an ultrathin, high-quality film of gallium nitride, a material that is known for its piezoelectric properties, meaning that it can both produce an electrical signal in response to mechanical strain and mechanically vibrate in response to an electrical impulse.The researchers found they could harness gallium nitride&rsquo;s two-way piezoelectric properties and use the material simultaneously for both sensing and wireless communication.In their new study, the team produced pure, single-crystalline samples of gallium nitride, which they paired with a conducting layer of gold to boost any incoming or outgoing electrical signal. They showed that the device was sensitive enough to vibrate in response to a person&rsquo;s heartbeat, as well as the salt in their sweat, and that the material&rsquo;s vibrations generated an electrical signal that could be read by a nearby receiver. In this way, the device was able to wirelessly transmit sensing information, without the need for a chip or battery.&ldquo;Chips require a lot of power, but our device could make a system very light without having any chips that are power-hungry,&rdquo; says the study&rsquo;s corresponding author, Jeehwan Kim, an associate professor of mechanical engineering and of materials science and engineering, and a principal investigator in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. &ldquo;You could put it on your body like a bandage, and paired with a wireless reader on your cellphone, you could wirelessly monitor your pulse, sweat, and other biological signals.&rdquo;Kim&rsquo;s co-authors include first author and former MIT postdoc Yeongin Kim, who is now an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati; co-corresponding author Jiyeon Han of the Korean cosmetics company AMOREPACIFIC, which helped motivate the current work; members of the Kim Research Group at MIT; and other collaborators at the University of Virginia, Washington University in St. Louis, and multiple institutions across South Korea.<h2>Pure resonance</h2>Jeehwan Kim&rsquo;s group previously developed a technique, called&nbsp;<a href="https://news.mit.edu/2018/study-flexible-electronics-made-exotic-materials-1008" target="_blank">remote epitaxy</a>, that they have employed to quickly grow and peel away ultrathin, high-quality semiconductors from wafers coated with graphene. Using this technique, they have fabricated and explored various flexible, multifunctional electronic films.In their new study, the engineers used the same technique to peel away ultrathin single-crystalline films of gallium nitride, which in its pure, defect-free form is a highly sensitive piezoelectric material.The team looked to use a pure film of gallium nitride as both a sensor and a wireless communicator of surface acoustic waves, which are essentially vibrations across the films. The patterns of these waves can indicate a person&rsquo;s heart rate, or even more subtly, the presence of certain compounds on the skin, such as salt in sweat.The researchers hypothesized that a gallium nitride-based sensor, adhered to the skin, would have its own inherent, &ldquo;resonant&rdquo; vibration or frequency that the piezoelectric material would simultaneously convert into an electrical signal, the frequency of which a wireless receiver could register. Any change to the skin&rsquo;s conditions, such as from an accelerated heart rate, would affect the sensor&rsquo;s mechanical vibrations, and the electrical signal that it automatically transmits to the recever.&nbsp;&ldquo;If there is any change in the pulse, or chemicals in sweat, or even ultraviolet exposure to skin, all of this activity can change the pattern of surface acoustic waves on the gallium nitride film,&rdquo; notes Yeongin Kim. &ldquo;And the sensitivity of our film is so high that it can detect these changes.&rdquo;<h2>Wave transmission</h2>To test their idea, the researchers produced a thin film of pure, high-quality gallium nitride and paired it with a layer of gold to boost the electrical signal. They deposited the gold in the pattern of repeating dumbbells &mdash; a lattice-like configuration that imparted some flexibility to the normally rigid metal. The gallium nitride and gold, which they consider to be a sample of electronic skin, measures just 250 nanometers thick &mdash; about 100 times thinner than the width of a human hair.They placed the new e-skin on volunteers&rsquo; wrists and necks, and used a simple antenna, held nearby, to wirelessly register the device&rsquo;s frequency without physically contacting the sensor itself. The device was able to sense and wirelessly transmit changes in the surface acoustic waves of the gallium nitride on volunteers&rsquo; skin related to their heart rate.The team also paired the device with a thin ion-sensing membrane &mdash; a material that selectively attracts a target ion, and in this case, sodium. With this enhancement, the device could sense and wireless transmit changing sodium levels as a volunteer held onto a heat pad and began to sweat.The researchers see their results as a first step toward chip-free wireless sensors, and they envision that the current device could be paired with other selective membranes to monitor other vital biomarkers.&ldquo;We showed sodium sensing, but if you change the sensing membrane, you could detect any target biomarker, such as glucose, or cortisol related to stress levels,&rdquo; says co-author and MIT postdoc Jun Min Suh. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s quite a versatile platform.&rdquo;<hr>&quot;Reprinted with permission of&nbsp;<a href="https://news.mit.edu/2022/sensor-electronic-chipless-0818" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MIT News</a>&quot;&nbsp;

The device senses and wirelessly transmits signals without bulky chips or batteries. Courtesy of the researchers

The device senses and wirelessly transmits signals related to pulse, sweat, and ultraviolet exposure, without bulky chips or batteries.

Engineers fabricate a chip-free, wireless electronic "skin"

Following the breakthrough with their first sweating artificial skin two years ago, Danqing Liu&rsquo;s multidisciplinary team hasn&rsquo;t been sitting still. Their goal: an artificial skin that sweats as naturally as possible. They have succeeded in this, as can be read in their article in Angewandte Chemie. There, they explain how they managed to be the first team in the world to be able to accurately control where, when and how much an artificial skin sweats and also where the liquid collects.&nbsp;<h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1660531451306-csm_illustration+2_paper_a9f6306874.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Schematic representation of the secretion of liquid by the artificial skin with different external stimuli. Photo: Danqing Liu.&nbsp;Sweating robots</h2>In the previous breakthrough by the team, it became apparent that an artificial skin that can sweat on command could have numerous practical applications. Back then, the artificial skin could secrete the fluid evenly and equally everywhere. An evenly sweating artificial skin can help cool the surface of robots. In social applications, it could help make the robot as human-like as possible, which includes sweating. Or consider special bandages that can deliver controlled drugs to human skin or to a wound surface such as a burn.These applications will only become more tangible as this new invention allows them to control where the artificial skin excretes fluid within a few micrometer. Not only that, but the researchers now control how much and for how long the fluid is released by the artificial skin, as well as where the fluid collects and when it is time to reabsorb it.The release of fluid is stimulated by UV light. By then applying voltage to the underlying electrical grid, the fluid collects in the desired places. Through clever design of the grid, this can be completely controlled and creates a very natural sweat pattern. Think about yourself: on a hot day, sweat also collects in specific places on your face. This artificial skin brings us a big step closer to imitating the natural behavior of the skin.<h2 id="isPasted">Multidisciplinary team</h2><a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/research/researchers/danqing-liu/" target="_blank">Danqing Liu</a>, assistant professor at the department of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/our-university/departments/chemical-engineering-and-chemistry/" target="_blank">Chemical Engineering &amp; Chemistry</a> and affiliated with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/research/institutes/institute-for-complex-molecular-systems/" target="_blank">ICMS institute</a>, and het postdoc&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/research/researchers/yuanyuan-zhan/" target="_blank">YuanYuan Zhan</a>&rsquo;s drive and enthusiasm are infectious to anyone who speaks to her. In Liu&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://assets.tue.nl/fileadmin/icms/Highlights%20magazine/TUE_ECHT%204391_ICMS%20magazine_juni_2022_LR.pdf#page=10" target="_blank">special lab</a>, she has gathered a unique multidisciplinary team around her. The lab also has the equipment to do electrotechnical, chemical and physical research in conjunction with industrial design, which is fairly exceptional within the university. Together, they are doing research on several promising materials based on liquid crystals, better known for LCD screens.&ldquo;It&rsquo;s so cool to see what our team can accomplish with these materials based on outside stimuli!&rdquo; Liu enthusiastically explains. &ldquo;I have a very broad technical background, so I can brainstorm with each team member. Still, everybody&rsquo;s specialisms were essential to achieving the results that we are now demonstrating.&rdquo;<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yixbRf5RRDY?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" style="width: 767px; height: 404px;"></iframe>SWEATING ARTIFICIAL SKIN.&nbsp;In the video presented here, the different phases of liquid secretion are visualized for clarification. The first secretion of the chosen liquid is stimulated with UV-light. Next, the liquid collects where the electrical grid dictates. Finally the liquid is reabsorbed through the pores in the skin, when the electricity and UV-light are switched off.<h2 id="isPasted">Unique combination of properties</h2>What makes this new iteration of artificial skin by Liu&rsquo;s team so unique is the far-reaching control that they have over the skin&rsquo;s behavior: secreting, dispersing or collecting and reabsorbing the liquid, a process which they control via free UV light and electricity. Unsurprisingly, their work is generating excitement in materials science.&ldquo;My motivation is to develop useful materials. I therefore like to start a project with a clear goal in mind. In this case, we&rsquo;re looking for a new material for a useful medical application,&rdquo; says Liu. &ldquo;And that takes time. It may seem like it&rsquo;s now going quickly, but from the first inspired idea to where we are now with this breakthrough has taken us over ten years. And we&rsquo;re not done yet.&ldquo;We started with the idea of seeing what we could do with liquid crystals in soft robotics in 3D. The focus then shifted to a 2D robot skin. We were keen to complement traditional robotics rather than compete with it. With the skin, we found that we could control the topology (mountains and valleys at the micrometer scale).&ldquo;We could use that as a coating to shake sand off of the Mars Rover&rsquo;s solar panels, for instance. Another application we&rsquo;ve worked out is alternating between sticky and non-sticky sections of the coating. By choosing which material is on the tops of the mountains and which is in the valleys, we could ensure that something is sticky or not. This could be a better method than a vacuum cup, especially for fragile or delicate parts like thin glass.&rdquo;And this brings us to Liu&rsquo;s team&#39;s current research. Together, they are working on that one dream: not simply imitating nature but helping it to evolve by adding to what is already possible. And it seems fair to conclude that they are succeeding in doing so with their unique liquid crystal materials.Yuanyuan Zhan and Danqing Liu&rsquo;s article &ldquo;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202207468" target="_blank">Light- and Field-Controlled Diffusion, Ejection, Flow and Collection of Liquid at a Nanoporous Liquid Crystal Membrane</a>&rdquo; appeared as a top 5%early access online article in Angewandte Chemie on July 5th,2022.<hr>This article was first published here:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/news-and-events/news-overview/27-07-2022-artificial-skin-sweats-on-command/" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.tue.nl/en/news-and-events/news-overview/27-07-2022-artificial-skin-sweats-on-command/</a>

Yuanyuan Zhan with experimental results. Photo: Yuanyuan Zhan

The sophisticated artificial skin sweats where and how much the researchers want it to. This was reported in an Angewandte Chemie article by Danqing Liu and first author Yuanyuan Zhan.

Artificial skin sweats on command

The skin of cephalopods, such as octopuses, squids and cuttlefish, is stretchy and smart, contributing to these creatures&rsquo; ability to sense and respond to their surroundings. A Penn State-led collaboration has harnessed these properties to create an artificial skin that mimics both the elasticity and the neurologic functions of cephalopod skin, with potential applications for neurorobotics, skin prosthetics, artificial organs and more.  &nbsp;Led by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bme.psu.edu/department/directory-detail-g.aspx?q=cmy5358" target="_blank">Cunjiang Yu</a>, Dorothy Quiggle Career Development Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, the team published its findings on June 1 in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2204852119" target="_blank">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. &nbsp;Cephalopod skin is a soft organ that can endure complex deformations, such as expanding, contracting, bending and twisting. It also possesses cognitive sense-and-respond functions that enable the skin to sense light, react and camouflage its wearer. While artificial skins with either these physical or these cognitive capabilities have existed previously, according to Yu, until now none has simultaneously exhibited both qualities &mdash; the combination needed for advanced, artificially intelligent bioelectronic skin devices.  &nbsp;&ldquo;Although several artificial camouflage skin devices have been recently developed, they lack critical noncentralized neuromorphic processing and cognition capabilities, and materials with such capabilities lack robust mechanical properties,&rdquo; Yu said. &ldquo;Our recently developed soft synaptic devices have achieved brain-inspired computing and artificial nervous systems that are sensitive to touch and light that retain these neuromorphic functions when biaxially stretched.&rdquo;  &nbsp;To simultaneously achieve both smartness and stretchability, the researchers constructed synaptic transistors entirely from elastomeric materials. These rubbery semiconductors operate in a similar fashion to neural connections, exchanging critical messages for system-wide needs, impervious to physical changes in the system&rsquo;s structure. The key to creating a soft skin device with both cognitive and stretching capabilities, according to Yu, was using elastomeric rubbery materials for every component. This approach resulted in a device that can successfully exhibit and maintain neurological synaptic behaviors, such as image sensing and memorization, even when stretched, twisted and poked 30% beyond a natural resting state.  &nbsp;&ldquo;With the recent surge of smart skin devices, implementing neuromorphic functions into these devices opens the door for a future direction toward more powerful biomimetics,&rdquo; Yu said. &ldquo;This methodology for implementing cognitive functions into smart skin devices could be extrapolated into many other areas, including neuromorphic computing wearables, artificial organs, soft neurorobotics and skin prosthetics for next-generation intelligent systems.&rdquo; &nbsp;The Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program and the National Science Foundation supported this work.&nbsp;Yu is also affiliated with the Material Research Institute and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. &nbsp;Co-authors include Hyunseok Shim, Seonmin Jang and Shubham Patel, Penn State Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics; Anish Thukral and Bin Kan, University of Houston Department of Mechanical Engineering; Seongsik Jeong, Hyeson Jo and Hai-Jin Kim, Gyeongsang National University School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Guodan Wei, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute; and Wei Lan, Lanzhou University School of Physical Science and Technology. &nbsp;

A Penn State-led collaboration developed an artificial skin made completely of rubber that mimics both the elasticity and cognitive characteristics found in octopuses and other cephalopods.    Credit: Volodymyr Ivanenko/iStock. All Rights Reserved.

Penn State-led researchers develop first artificial skin to maintain cognitive characteristics when deformed.

Rubbery camouflage skin exhibits smart and stretchy behaviors

<section id="isPasted">In industry, people work with robots. While this can accelerate productivity, it does come with health and safety risks. As a result, some robots must be kept separate from human workers. This comes at a heavy financial cost and negatively affects human-robot interactions. If there were sensors on robots to detect a person, then these issues could be solved, but current sensors rely on impractical, rigid, and thick electronics. TU/e researchers have designed a way to make flexible, thin, and accurate sensor electronics that outperform many current sensors. The new breakthrough is published in the Nature Electronics.</section><section tabindex="-1">Our world is filled with robots. From robot vacuum cleaners to robot dog walkers, we have incorporated robots in many aspects of daily life. In industry, robots have helped to automate many tasks, and in the process, they provide both an accuracy and speed that are beyond human capabilities.However, that doesn&rsquo;t mean that humans and robots do not work closely together in industry. &ldquo;Many industrial operations require close human-robot interactions&rdquo;, says researcher Marco Fattori from the department of Electrical Engineering and the TU/e startup MicroAlign. &ldquo;This means that the robots need accurate proximity sensors to check if someone gets too close to the robot. Once someone is detected, the robot shuts down to prevent any injuries to the person.&rdquo;Many of the current sensors are based on silicon components, but these are rigid and thick, which makes it difficult and costly to place them on the surface of the robot.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1654095377288-csm_Fattori+Flexible+electronics_29eb6db461.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Source: Marco Fattori.&nbsp;<h2 id="isPasted">New flexible printed electronics</h2>&ldquo;The alternative is flexible printed electronics, but this kind of electronics has lower capabilities compared to silicon chips,&rdquo; notes Eugenio Cantatore from the department of Electrical Engineering. &ldquo;Flexible electronics are slow and noisy, which negatively affects its accuracy. But unlike silicon sensors, the flexible ones can be placed over large surface areas, are cheap to make, and can be produced in large quantities.&rdquo;So, to solve the issue of making accurate flexible electronics, Fattori and Cantatore, in collaboration with researchers based in France, Austria, and the UK developed new flexible electronics made by printing organic materials based on polymers. The printing approach allows for the placement of front-end electronics (the first electronics layer after the sensor) in each pixel of the device.&ldquo;In effect, we printed electronics on a plastic or foil sheet, then we placed the sensors on another foil. After that we laminated the two foils together, leading to an ultra-flexible and thin sensor,&rdquo; says Fattori. &ldquo;This combination enhances signal quality in comparison to previous sensors.&rdquo;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1654095428535-csm_Fattori+Main+text+Robot+in+action+CROPPED_dda1c5c3cf.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Source: Marco Fattori.&nbsp;<h2 id="isPasted">The robot arm</h2>For this study, the researchers placed long-wavelength infrared organic pyroelectric sensors (heat sensors) in the flexible foil. &ldquo;We created a large flexible sheet filled with heat sensors that can be used to cover a structure, such as a robotic arm for example,&rdquo; says Cantatare.And that&rsquo;s exactly what the researchers did. They wrapped a flexible sheet of heat sensors around a robotic arm to simulate an industrial work environment where a human works close to a robot.&ldquo;The flexible sensor acts like a sort of &lsquo;artificial skin&rsquo; for the robot. The heat sensors allow the robot to detect the presence of a moveable heat source, such as a person, from a distance of up to 0.4 meters away,&rdquo; notes Fattori. &ldquo;What&rsquo;s more, the sensors can also detect a human hand approaching from different directions and not just from directly in front of it.&rdquo; &nbsp;<h2>Great promise</h2>Besides applications in industry with robots, the researchers note that the ability to produce affordable flexible sensors could be useful in numerous other fields, such as healthcare.For example, they could be used to map pressure distributions on a mattress, and thus help patients avoid bedsores. In addition, they could be used to check if elderly people experience falls in their home or in care homes by embedding sensors in the floors. These kind of sensors could even be adapted to monitor the integrity of airplane wings.This research is part of a complex European collaborative project called ATLASS. &ldquo;After years of work, we have demonstrated for the first time with a practical, useful example, the great promise of low-cost printed sensing surfaces that include electronics,&rdquo; says Cantatore. &ldquo;We are excited to use these results to initiate new research endeavors at TU/e.&rdquo;<hr><h3>Paper information</h3><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-022-00762-6" target="_blank">A printed proximity-sensing surface based on organic pyroelectric sensors and organic thin-film transistor electronics</a>, Fattori et al, Nature Electronics (2022).<style type="text/css" id="isPasted"></style><style type="text/css"></style>This article was first published here:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/news-and-events/news-overview/30-05-2022-new-printing-method-for-artificial-skin-containing-heat-sensors/" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.tue.nl/en/news-and-events/news-overview/30-05-2022-new-printing-method-for-artificial-skin-containing-heat-sensors/</a></section>

Robot arms could become safer in industrial settings by applying an artificial skin containing proximity heat sensors to detect humans in all directions.

New printing method for artificial "skin" containing heat sensors

In this episode, we talk about how a group of University of Michigan researchers were inspired by the adaptive immune system found in humans to fortify vulnerable neural networks and a joint effort between Pohang University of Science and Technology and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology to create electric skin with unmatched performance. As always, you can find these and other interesting &amp; impactful engineering articles on Wevolver.com.&nbsp;<iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/43d45afd-8dcf-45ad-abb4-02c30cff4eb6?dark=false" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> <hr>This podcast is sponsored by <a href="https://www2.mouser.com/" id="isPasted" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mouser Electronics</a>. &nbsp; &nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1648558505214-Mouser-sponsor-1-a.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><hr><h3 id="isPasted">EPISODE NOTES</h3>(2:08) -&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/immune-to-hacks-inoculating-deep-neural-networks-to-thwart-attacks" target="_blank">Immune To Hacks</a>(12:50) - <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/a-spectrum-of-spikes-allows-this-novel-electronic-skin-to-sense-touch-like-we-do" target="_blank">Electronics Sense Touch</a><hr id="isPasted">About the podcast:Every day, some of the most innovative universities, companies, and individual technology developers share their knowledge on Wevolver. To ensure we can also provide this knowledge for the growing group of podcast listeners, we started a collaboration with two young engineers, Daniel Scott Mitchell &amp; Farbod Moghaddam who discuss the most interesting content in this podcast series.&nbsp;To learn more about this show, please visit the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" target="_blank">shows page</a>. By following the page, you will get automatic updates by email when a new show is published.Be sure to give us a follow and review on&nbsp;<a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/nl/podcast/the-next-byte/id1548255861?l=en" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Apple</a> podcasts,&nbsp;<a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6lPPsRtegnivsRUEsQ09R7?si=IPMiah7xT_apJtPjqvXMlA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Spotify</a>, and most of your favorite podcast platforms!

Two prototype position-encoded spike spectrum (PESS) sensors, one showing its ability to flex and confirm to non-linear surfaces, have been proven experimentally.

In this episode, we talk about how a group of researchers were inspired by the adaptive immune system found in humans to fortify vulnerable neural networks and a joint effort between universities to create electric skin with unmatched performance.

Podcast: Immune System Inspired AI & Electric Skin

This article was discussed in our <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte&source=gmail&ust=1648450959370000&usg=AOvVaw3quhsJUxQ1lZ0LmFmeQflQ" href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Next Byte podcast</a>.&nbsp;<iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/43d45afd-8dcf-45ad-abb4-02c30cff4eb6?dark=false" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe>The full article will continue below.<hr>Electronic skin, which weaves technology into a flexible and stretchable substrate designed to mimic human skin, offers potential for everything from highly-dexterous robotics to sensory-feedback prosthetics, health monitoring, medical implants, haptics, and more. Current implementations, however, often suffer from high power draw and slow response times.A new approach, based on what a team of researchers at the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) has termed position-encoded spike spectrum (PESS), could change that &mdash; offering a high-resolution, high-sensitivity artificial tactile system which manages to also be easy to manufacture at scale.<h1>Spiking sensors</h1>The concept is borrowed from biology: The human somatosensory system offers event-driven spike generation, with parallel processing allowing sensations to be felt without delay. While rival approaches aimed at mimicking the same process electronically exist, they center around analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) which limit their resolution and add bulk.What first author Taeyeong Kim and colleagues have developed, by contrast, is a sensory system offering much the same capabilities as the human sense of touch. A mixed ion-electron conductor (MIEC) hosts artificial receptors designed with varying ion relaxation times &mdash; turning touch into a spectrum of spike signals, rather than a single reading.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQ4MjMzMzc1MjUxLWVza2luMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="A diagram showing a position-encoded spike spectrum (PESS) electronic skin sensor, attached to the surface of a human thumb. As the thumb grasps a pencil, a spike spectrum is created - split into characteristic spikes, which offer position information, and auxiliary spikes, which capture pressure.">The PESS sensor system captures both position and pressure by encoding information into a spectrum of spikes which are rapidly decoded and identified.This spike spectrum is key to the responsiveness of the system itself: The relaxation time of each spike can be decoded in real time, its creators claim, to identify exactly where and how the skin is being touched. The overall delay was measured at of 2ms for the auxiliary spikes, which carry pressure information, and 10ms for the characteristic spikes, which offer position.At the same time, the sensor system is surprisingly simple. The prototype was produced using a combination of the MIEC film and PEDOT:PSS as a conducting polymer, applied via spray coating through a patterned stencil mask &mdash; each hole in the mask corresponding to an individual receptor. Layers of silver and gold act as electrodes in the system.<h1>Touchable proof</h1>To prove the concept, the team created a compact prototype measuring 2&times;2cm (around 0.8&times;0.8&quot;) and featuring an impressive 529 individual receptors. Despite this, it required only two signal addressing lines &mdash; a major advantage, its creators claim, over alternatives which rely on time-division multiple access (TMDA) addressing, and a closer analog to the highly-parallel human somatosensory system.As the prototype was touched, the resulting spikes were analyzed by a decoding algorithm in just 2ms. The algorithm, in turn, offers inferred tactile information based on analysis of the characteristic and auxiliary spikes: Position, size, rough shape, and even pressure down to 1.5kPa, all reported with high accuracy.<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gq0xN2U1HDY?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> In further testing, the team showcased the skin&rsquo;s ability to detect two-dimensional movement, in the form of sensing letters drawn on its surface, and of providing real-time feedback when applied to a robot arm. In these tests, the robot arm was given the task of grasping a metal sphere, rotating, allowing the ball to fall to the bottom of the grip, then shaking it repeatedly &mdash; detecting slippage through the PESS system and tightening its grip instantly in order to prevent the ball from being dropped.<h1>Further work</h1>There&rsquo;s the potential for improvement, too. The team suggests that the application of &ldquo;machine learning-based decoding&rdquo; could allow the PESS system to determine more complicated shapes than is possible using the existing algorithm, while experimental results suggest the possibility of extending the system to omni-directional tactile perception.&ldquo;Converting the external stimuli into spike signals and processing them is a groundbreaking idea that mimics how the human nervous system processes information,&rdquo; says Sung-Phil Kim, UNIST professor and co-corresponding author of the paper detailing the breakthrough.&ldquo;If a new AI model is developed using this spike information encoding method, robot tactile intelligence can be further developed and effectively applied to next-generation semiconductor technologies such as neuromorphic chips.&rdquo;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQ4MjMzMzkxODYyLWVza2luMy5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="A diagram showing the prototype sensor, and the layers from which it is manufactured. From top to bottom: PET, Au, artificial receptors, PET separator, adhesive, Au, Ag/SBS, and silicone elastomer.">The PESS sensors are relatively simple to produce, though work still needs to be done on reliably controlling the thickness of the PEDOT:PSS layer.A sensor variant which integrates four separate sensing systems into a single device, meanwhile, boosts the stationary spatial resolution to 80 receptors per square centimeter (80/cm2) and for dynamic sensing to 132/cm2 &mdash; a figure which the team suggests could be increased still further with improvements to measurement equipment and the sensor&rsquo;s stencil layer.One issue standing in the way of production use, however, is in creating a PEDOT:PSS layer of reliable and repeatable thickness. &ldquo;Unfortunately,&rdquo; the team admits, &ldquo;delicate thickness control of the PEDOT:PSS coating on the target positions for the characteristic receptors was not achieved yet in this study.&rdquo;The team&rsquo;s work has been published in the journal <cite><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.abl5761" target="_blank">Science Robotics</a></cite> under closed-access terms.<h1>Reference</h1>Taeyeong Kim, Jaehun Kim, Insang You, Joosung Oh, Sung-Phil Kim, and Unyong Jeong: <cite>Dynamic tactility by position-encoded spike spectrum, Science Robotics Vol. 7 Iss. 63</cite>. DOI <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abl5761" target="_blank">10.1126/scirobotics.abl5761</a>.

Using a highly-scalable approach to creating dense sensor networks, yet requiring only a pair of address lines, these researchers have taken inspiration from the human somatosensory system for a rapid-response sensitive sense of electronic touch.

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