When talking about 3D printing speeds, it’s easy to get vague with the language we use. For example, when we say that a small, simple part can be printed “quickly,” what we mean is that the part can be printed in a short amount of time (because it is small and requires fewer movements of the printhead than a larger part). Make no mistake, this is a helpful way to think about printing, but it doesn’t tell us much about actual print speed.

Lots of factors can affect the time it takes to finish a print. Using a wide-diameter nozzle, for example, allows you to extrude a greater volume of material at once. And adjusting settings like infill and layer height can also shave minutes or hours off total print time: setting a greater layer height reduces the total number of layers, while minimizing infill density means the printhead is laying down less material per layer. Furthermore, adding extra material via supports, skirts, and rafts, will increase the overall printing time.

However, printing time is not the same as 3D print speed. If it takes you a day to build a LEGO house and it takes a building contractor a week to build a real, bricks-and-mortar house, this doesn’t mean that you have demonstrated a faster building speed than the professionals. On the contrary, the builders will probably have laid down each brick far more speedily than you. And this speed of action is what we need to focus on when it comes to printing speed.

Print speed affects printing time and print quality

3D print speed is simply the rate at which the printhead moves along the X and Y axes as it puts down a layer of material. A fast 3D print speed will reduce overall print time, but prints printed “fast” can still take a long time — when the part has large dimensions, for instance, or if using a very low layer height. Usually defined in millimeters per second (mm/s), 3D print speed can also vary across the build: sometimes a slower speed is used for the first layer (to ensure good adhesion to the build surface) and a faster speed used for infill (where accuracy matters less).

This article goes over the basics of printing speed. It looks at the typical printing speeds of FDM printers, the ways you can adjust print speed settings (and how this affects the print), and the different speeds used for different 3D printing filaments.

What is the printing speed of a 3D printer?

In the world of FDM printing, which we will focus on here, printing speed refers to how quickly the printhead moves along the X and Y axes while it is depositing material.[1] It has a big impact on overall printing time, but it is not the only factor.

The printing speed of an FDM printer can be adjusted using printer firmware or slicing software. In general, slower printing speeds produce better results, so very high speeds are typically reserved for rapid prototyping. Printing too fast can lead to defects, lower dimensional accuracy, and weaker parts.[2]

The best print speed for everyday prints (medium quality) is about 50–60 mm/s. However, users should note that some materials can be printed very quickly (e.g. PLA) while some require a slower rate to prevent warping or print failure (e.g. TPU).

Different pieces of hardware offer different print speed capabilities, though this is not usually a key metric to look out for when selecting a printer. Most common entry-level printers (such as the Creality Ender 3 and Prusa Mini) offer a maximum print speed of around 200 mm/s. In reality, however, users will not actually be able to print at that speed. This is partly because filament can’t be melted and extruded that quickly. Furthermore, because the printhead typically makes quite short movements while it prints, it rarely has enough time to accelerate to its maximum speed.

Other additive manufacturing technologies define print speed in different ways. With vat photopolymerization technologies like SLA and DLP, there is no printhead movement, so print speed is often defined by how many millimeters can be printed along the Z-axis per hour. Such a measurement is more useful with SLA and SLP (as well as SLS) than it is with FDM, because there are fewer factors that can influence it (such as nozzle size).

What are the different print speed settings for your 3D printer?

3D print slicing software applications like Cura and Simplify3D offer a range of print speed settings beyond the default print speed, which is usually set in mm/s. These settings allow the user to fine-tune the rate at which the printhead moves in different situations: during the first layer, when printing infill, when printing outer walls, and also when moving without printing.

Although different slicers sometimes use their own terminology, below are the most common print speed settings available for FDM printing.

Slicers like Cura offer several different print speed settings and parameters

Print speed

Otherwise known as default printing speed or overall printing speed, this is the most important setting for determining your 3D printer speed and achieving faster prints. Usually defined in mm/s, the print speed setting tells the printhead how quickly it should move along the X and Y axes while it is depositing material. Most slicers will automatically calculate how much filament will need to be extruded in order to keep up with the selected print speed.

We can call this value the “default” print speed because other settings will at times override the value. In fact, some of the following settings can — depending on the specific slicer used — be defined relative to the default print speed (i.e. as a percentage of it).

Infill speed

Most 3D prints are not printed fully solid, as this uses up a lot of material, requires lots of time, and provides few physical benefits. Instead, the interior structure of a print consists of a pattern known as infill, which can vary in terms of shape and density.

Because the infill pattern cannot be seen once the print is complete, it can be beneficial to print the infill faster than the exterior. Although this may result in some imperfections, these imperfections will be less of a problem than they would be on the outside of the print.

Travel speed

Travel is when the printhead has to jump from one part of the build to another without depositing any material. Increasing the travel speed can help reduce oozing and stringing (when unwanted material drips from the nozzle) but can also lead to other imperfections.

In Simplify3D, travel speed is referred to as “X-Y Axis Movement Speed.” The value is usually defined in mm/s and can sometimes be found under “retraction” settings if not in speed settings.

Initial layer speed

The first layers of a print are critical. If the first layer does not adhere well to the build surface, the entire part can dislodge during printing, causing print failure. It can therefore be beneficial to print the first layer(s) at a reduced speed, to give the printed object the best chance of success. This value may be set in mm/s (Cura) or as a percentage of the default print speed.

Number of slower layers

As explained above, most FDM users configure their print settings to have a slower initial layer. But rather than immediately going full speed on the second layer, it can be beneficial to gradually increase the print speed over a few layers until the normal speed is reached.

The number of slower layers setting determines how many layers it should take to go from the initial layer speed to the normal print speed. For example, if the value is set to 5, the printer will increase the speed in small increments over the first five layers before reaching the normal print speed on the sixth layer.

Support structure speed

Printer users often favor a higher speed for support structures, since these disposable sections of material do not need to be particularly accurate or visually pleasing. On Cura, there is a distinction between the “support infill” (the bulk of the support structure) and the “support interface” (where the support meets the actual part). The support interface speed should be slower, as good adhesion between the support and printed model is important.

Other section-specific speed settings

Some slicers allow for adjustment of print speed for the following parts of the print. Most are set in mm/s or as a percentage of the default print speed.

• Outer/inner wall speed (may also be called “outline” or “perimeter” speed)

• Top and bottom layers speed

• Top surface skin speed

• Skirt and brim speed

How does print speed affect your print?

When running a print for the first, it can be tempting to crank up the print speed in order to reduce the overall printing time. However, print speed affects the print in many ways: FDM users must consider how print speed will affect bed adhesion, print quality, and the potential for errors.

Risks of printing too fast

Perhaps unsurprisingly, printing too fast is more likely to lead to issues than printing too slowly, with negative effects including lower dimensional accuracy and part strength.

The most common defects from printing too fast include:

Ringing or ghosting

The phenomenon of ringing (sometimes called ghosting or rippling) is a 3D printing defect characterized by a rippled or wavy appearance to the exterior surfaces of parts. It occurs when layers are not properly aligned, which is itself caused by excessive vibration or out-of-control printhead movements.

Reducing print speed is one of the most effective ways to prevent ringing. This is because faster speeds cause greater vibrations and lead to greater speed variations when the printhead changes direction.

Poor layer adhesion

As mentioned in our discussion of print speed settings, it is vital to print slowly on the first layer in order to guarantee good bed adhesion. But inter-layer adhesion is also important, and too-fast speeds can reduce the ability of each layer to bond with the next.

Reducing print speed on the first layer can help ensure good adhesion to the build plate, and reducing overall print speed can help prevent delamination.

Under-extrusion

If not enough filament is fed to the hotend, printing can suffer from under-extrusion. The result is gaps, holes, missing layers, and other deformities.

Under-extrusion can occur when the print speed exceeds the flow rate, i.e. when the printhead is trying to lay down more material than is being supplied to it. Generally, however, this should not be an issue, as your slicer should automatically calculate a flow rate suitable for the print speed.

Clogging with flexible filament

When printing flexible materials like TPU and TPE, excessive print speeds can cause the soft and pliant material to bend the wrong way and get stuck during extrusion. Using a slow and consistent print speed (i.e. not deviating from the default speed for first layer, infill, support structures, etc.) can help prevent this issue.

Flexible filament needs to be printed slowly

Recommended reading: What are flexible filaments and which one should you choose?

Risks of printing too slow

In general, a slower 3D printer print speed results in higher quality. Nonetheless, printing too slowly can cause issues of its own. These issues generally relate to overheating: if the filament stays in the nozzle chamber too long, it can get too hot and cause deformations on the part.

Finding the best print speed by testing

A good way to find the best print speed for your chosen combination of hardware and material is to download a print speed test model (or print speed tower).

These printable 3D models work in a similar way to temperature towers. They consist of several identical sections designed to be printed at different speeds (by inputting specific instructions to your slicer). Each section is labeled with the relevant value in mm/s. When the tower is printed, a visual inspection can determine to what extent print quality suffers at higher speeds.

STL files for print speed towers (like this one) can be found on Thingiverse and other 3D model sharing platforms.

Recommended reading: How to find free STL files

Print speeds for common filaments

Some 3D printing materials are more suited to high-speed printing than others. For instance, those that can be melted quickly are suited to faster flow rates, which in turn allows for fast printing of the material.

Conclusion

3D print speed is one of the most important 3D printer settings. While we all want to print our parts as quickly as possible, it is important to recognise the limitations of print speed and the negative effects of printing too fast, such as ghosting, poor adhesion, and jams. Beginners should start by printing at the recommended speed of around 50–60 mm/s then experimenting with different settings when they have more experience and confidence.

References

[1] Agarwal KM, Shubham P, Bhatia D, Sharma P, Vaid H, Vajpeyi R. Analyzing the impact of print parameters on dimensional variation of ABS specimens printed using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Sensors International. 2022 Jan 1;3:100149.

[2] Miazio Ł. Impact of print speed on strength of samples printed in FDM technology. Agricultural Engineering. 2019;23.